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  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Robert Hooke
  • Cell Theory
  • Matthias Schleiden - (1838) concluded that all plants are made of cells.
  • German biologist Theodor Schwann stated that all animals were made of cells.
  • Rudolf Virchow - concluded that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells, confirming a suggestion made by German Lorenz Oken 50 years earlier.
  • Cell Theory

Microscopes

  • Electron Microscopes - use beams of electrons, not light, that are focused by magnetic fields
  • Transmission electron microscope - make it possible to explore cell structures and large protein molecules
  • Scanning electron microscope - pencil-like beam of electrons is scanned over the surface of a specimen.
  • Dyes and colors added to make the image easier to see
  • Fluorescent dyes can be attached to specific molecules and can then be made visible using a special fluorescence microscope.
  • Fluorescence microscopy makes it possible to see and identify the locations of these molecules, and even to watch them move about in a living cell

All cells have:

o A membrane

o DNA

o Ribosomes

  • Prokaryote characteristics -Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
  • Despite their simplicity, prokaryotes grow, reproduce, and respond to the environment, and some can even move by gliding along surfaces or swimming through liquids.
  • Examples prokaryotic cells - The organisms we call bacteria are prokaryotes.
  • Eukaryotic cell characteristics - Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
  • Most eukaryotic cells contain dozens of structures and internal membranes. Many eukaryotes are highly specialized.
  • There are many types of eukaryotes: plants, animals, fungi, and organisms commonly called “protists.”
  • Nucleus function - The nucleus contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
  • Cytoplasm - is the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum - The endoplasmic reticulum is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell
  • Function of the cytoskeleton - Eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization by a network of these protein filaments

Animal cells have the following organelles:

  • centrioles - involved in cell division
  • lysosomes - recycling
  • flagellum - whip-like tail for movement

Plant cells have the following organelles:

  • cell wall - stiff layer around the membrane
  • chloroplasts - make sugars by photosynthesis
  • central vacuole - water and toxin storage

Mitochondrion - turns food into usable energy (ATP)

Chloroplasts - makes sugar from the sunlight

  • Ribosomes - are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells.
  • Ribosomes produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA.
  • Each ribosome is like a small machine in a factory, turning out proteins on orders that come from its DNA “boss.”

Cell Membrane

  • Although many substances can cross biological membranes, some are too large or too strongly charged to cross the lipid bilayer.
  • If a substance is able to cross a membrane, the membrane is said to be permeable to it.
  • A membrane is impermeable to substances that cannot pass across it.
  • Most biological membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that some substances can pass across them and others cannot. Selectively permeable membranes are also called semipermeable membranes.

Passive Transport

Diffusion - The process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as diffusion.

Diffusion is the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration across a membrane protein

  • Movement of water from high to low concentration
  • Occurs across an aquaporin protein

Active Transport

Uses energy (ATP) to move materials from low to high concentration

Bulk Transport

Cell Structure and Function (7)

Plant vs. Animal Cells

Cell Membranes

Organelles

  • Once those proteins are made on the ribosomes (on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) the travel in a vesicle (bag of proteins)
  • That vesicle fuses (joins) the Golgi Apparatus
  • In Golgi the proteins are modified and packaged-up, eventually leaving in another vesicle (or as a lysosome).
  • Lysosome - are small organelles filled with enzymes that function as the cell’s cleanup crew.
  • Lysosomes perform the vital function of removing “junk” that might otherwise accumulate and clutter up the cell

Energy Organelles

Cell Theory & People

Making Proteins

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis

Prokaryotic

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Diffusion

The Cell is like a Factory

  • Draw square or circle in the middle of your paper
  • This is a "bird's eye" view of the factory
  • Add the different machines & rooms a cell would need to work properly

Using no energy (ATP) to move across the membrane

Molecules move from high to low concentration

The Properties of Lipids

Cell Membranes

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