Reference and citation management

Baatz questions the reliability of these laws...(2014, p.5).

(Danielsen & Baatz, 2014)

According to Danielsen and Baatz (2014)

The first time - all authors mentioned

Next time - the first author only followed by "et al."

Immediately - the first author only followed by "et al."

You can refer to more than one source in one citation, sort them alphabetically and separate by semicolon ;

Socrates developed a theory...(according to Disen, 2010, p.35)

Schaefer, U. (2012). Oral practices in the history of English.

In T. Nevalainen & E.G. Traugott (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the history of English (p. 285-295). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Author, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal title, volume (number/issue), page.

Abe, J. A. A. (2011). Positive emotions, emotional intelligence, and successful experiential learning. Personality and Individual Differences, 51 (7), 817-822.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.005

To refer to

pictures, tables, figures and schemas

You refer to them only in text, not in reference list

You can make a separate list of figures following reference list

Citing a web-site

Figures from books and journal articles

KISS principle

Author. (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL.

Keep it short and simple

Moran, M. (2017). 101 Ways to incorporate music into the language classroom: New book from TESOL press . Retrieved from http://www.tesol.org

Figure 5. Traditional swiss cheese model, showing trajectory of accident opportunity (Gill, 2011, p.50)

In text

(Moran, 2017)

The book or article are cited in reference list as usual

NB! You can refer to the "node" (homepage) or

the full URL address

http://www.kildekompasset.no/english

http://blog.apastyle.org/

In the reference list

In the text

as a reference in APA 6th

(Author, year)

(Author, year, page)

Complete information

Alphabetic

(Wattchow, 2011)

(Wattchow, 2011, p.33)

(Wattchow, 2011, p.33-40)

General format for a reference in the reference list (APA 6th)

Author. (Year). Title. Publisher

Wattchow, B. (2011). A pedagogy of place : Outdoor education for a changing world. Sydney: Monash University Publishing.

Vancouver reference style in reference list

X. Author. Title. Place: Publisher; year. Pages.

1. Smeby JC, Sutphen M. From vocational to professional education: educating for social welfare. London: Routledge; 2015. 175 p.

Vancouver reference in text

(number, page)

(1, 34)

MLA style reference in the reference list

Author. Title. Place: Publisher, year.

Gilbert, John K. and Rosaria Justi. Modelling-based teaching in science education. New York: Springer, 2016.

MLA style reference in text

Citations

(Author page)

(Gilbert and Justi 86)

Author

Person, institution, organization

When the edition you read was published

Year

Direct

Indirect

(n.d.) if not available

Publisher

City: Publisher or Publisher

You rewrite, paraphrase or write in your own words, page is optional.

You write text word for word until 40 words the way it appears in the source in quotation marks "...", page is necessary.

Only for print books

and some print reports

The described analysis of safety regulations is applied...(Daniel, 2012).

"As a context provider, I am more immigrant than ethnographer..."

(Daniel, 2012, p.145).

Figure 6. [Consequence of error] (Gill, 2011, p.129)

In case the figure has no official title you can name it by embracing it with [...]

NB! Be careful to refer to images and figures from internet.

Provide information on producer (newspaper, artist, organization etc.) and copyright

Open access images must be also clarified

Long citation

For more than 40 words the citation is indented in its own paragraph,

no "..." are necessary:

No page number is found

Figure 7. Gladstone LNG starts production

(World maritime news, 25.09.2015). Retrieved from http://worldmaritimenews.com

Some sources do not have a page number, however very seldom. Refer to the chapter/article/column title and/or the paragraph number:

Citing laws and regulations

Why do we use reference?

(Gill, 2011, Organizational management of maritime risk, par. 3)

Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa...

Under this mechanism, some firms or organizations may reduce, maintain, or even increase their carbon footprints. Cap and trade affects carbon price by controlling the total amount of carbon emissions in a country, a region, or the world, and carbon price will affect the retailer's order decision and carbon footprints, so cap and trade affects the retailer's order decision (Daniel, 2012, p.256)

Bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb...

Short title. (Year). Full title. Publisher or URL

Research and writing is always based

on existing knowledge and research

The same author with several sources in a citation

Full title. (Year). Publisher or URL

(Simonsen, 1973, 1996, 2008)

This is your intellectual passport and support of what you are writing

The same author with several sources the same year

Your status as a researcher and writer:

Author is mentioned in the text

(Simonsen 2008a, p.23)

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC. (2009). Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu

If you recognize other authors' work

If you have broadly read and analyzed your topic

If you put your work in context and relation to other related work

If you are clear and honest as a researcher and writer

(Simonsen 2008b, p.234)

No need to mention the author in the reference again:

The reader has a better understanding of your work:

More than five authors

(Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 , 2009)

Two and more authors

It is easier to find the credited sources

It is easier to identify how you relate your research to those you cite in your text

In the reference use &, in the text and

(Terracciano et al., 2011)

What is a reference?

In text

Crediting the work of other authors in your own paper

Three to five authors

NB! In the reference list first five authors are mentioned followed by ... & + last author = totally six authors

Terraciano, L., Silvestro, P., Compuro, S., Vonturi, C., Cecina, K., ... & Zezin, V. (2011).

Where do we find references:

Citing statistics

Statistics producer. (Year). Statistics title. In Publication title. Publisher or URL.

Several references at once

(Di Francesco, Fancello, Serra & Zuddas, 2014)

Department for transport. (2015). Seafarer statistics, 2014. In Maritime and shipping statistics. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk

(Di Francesco et al., 2014)

What do we refer to:

ideas

facts

findings

arguments

theories

collected data

statistics

images

WHO? WHEN? WHAT? WHERE?

(Department for transport, 2015)

In text

books

journal articles

newspaper articles

web-sites

social media

laws

dictionaries

personal communication

reports

conference proceedings

theses

(Daniel, 2012; Danielsen & Baatz, 2014; Di Francesco, Fancello, Serra & Zuddas, 2014)

Citing a conference paper

Author. (Year). Title. Paper presented at the Conference's title, place and date. Retrieved from URL.

Papachristos, D. & Nikitakos, N. (2013). Human factor evaluation for marine education by using neuroscience tools. Paper presented at the Maritime Safety, Security, and Environmental Protection (MASSEP), Athens, 30 May. Retrieved from http://massep.gr

Reference and citation use

Secondary reference

General format for

government and organizational documents and reports

Secondary source is the source you read in order to find out about others' works

NB! Always mention the primary source

NBB! Try to use as little secondary reference as possible. Read the primary source instead.

Author. (Year). Title (Report or document number). Publishing city: Publisher or URL

Citing a print book

in a reference list

Institution as author

International maritime organization [IMO]. (2013). Report of the maritime safety committee on its ninety-second session

(MSC 92/26). Retrieved from http://www.uscg.mil/imo/MSC/

(Socrates according to Disen, 2010, p.35)

Author, Initial. (Year). Title: subtitle. Pub. city: Publisher

APA 6th style

(International maritime organization [IMO], 2013)

If no personal author is found institution or organization is the author.

If there is a short name of the organization this is set in square brackets […]:

Gill, G.W. (2011). Maritime error management: Discussing and remediating factors contributory to casualties. Cornell maritime press

Citing a chapter in an edited book

(IMO, 2013)

In text

In the reference list you use only secondary source, here Disen.

Chapter author, Initial. (Year). Chapter title. In Initial, Editor (Ed.), Book title (page). Pub. city: Publisher.

Citing a print book in the text

Ithaca College, School of Humanities and Sciences. (2011). Report and recommendations for experiential learning in H&S. Hentet fra https://www.ithaca.edu/hs/faculty/docs/explrngdocs/

(World health organization [WHO], 2011)

Next time: (WHO, 2011)

(Gill, 2011)

Citing articles from journals,

print or electronic

No author?

(Gill, 2011, p.322)

(Ithaca College, School of Humanities and Sciences, 2011)

In text

Think twice before crediting a source without an author. If no personal author or organization is found, use the title in quotation marks.

(Schaefer, 2012, p.287)

NB! For electronic articles it is advised to add DOI number or URL.

NB! Each chapter in the same book has its individual entry in a reference list and in the text

("Cargo claims and bills of lading", 2014)

(Abe, 2011, 821)