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by Stephanie Cavanagh
"Behaviorism is a worldview that assumes a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental stimuli. The learner starts off as a clean slate (i.e. tabula rasa) and behavior is shaped through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement" (Learning-Theories.com).
"Constructivism states that learning is an active, contextualized process of constructing knowledge rather than acquiring it. Knowledge is constructed based on personal experiences and hypotheses of the environment" (Learning-Theories.com).
"Humanists believe that it is necessary to study the person as a whole, especially as an individual grows and develops over the lifespan. It follows that the study of the self, motivation, and goals are areas of particular interest" (Learning-Theories.com).
"Cognitivism focuses on the inner mental activities – opening the “black box” of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn. Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem-solving need to be explored" (Learning-Theories.com).
Watson began behaviorism in 1913 when he published the article, Psychology as the behaviorist views it. (www.simplypsychology.org)
Interesting Fact
Weaknesses
Strengths
Weaknesses
Interesting Fact
Strengths
Vygotsky's Social Development Theory set the groundwork for the constructivist approach.
Interesting Fact
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Strengths
Believes in constructing knowledge, not just receiving it.
Interesting Fact
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Strengths
There are many famous psychologists who were involved in the creation and implementation of behaviorism including:
Can be commonly misunderstood. Because it is said that the learner constructs knowledge, it has been confused that teachers do not support this knowledge. However, any way a student is taught applies to their abilities to construct knowledge.
Does not believe in scientific applications and experiments. This can go both ways.
Vygotsky's theory focuses on three different components that are still relevant in today's world of education:
Humanists believe in the study of individuals, not groups, so much of the information they obtain is through qualitative measures such as open ended questions and unstructured interviews.
Believes in the study of the whole person, especially through the concepts of growth and development, and through self motivation.
Cannot be scientifically measured.
Believes knowledge is built on experiences, as well as thinking about and making guesses surrounding the world around us.
Cognitivism compares the mind to that of a computer, "information comes in, is being processed, and leads to certain outcomes" (Learning-Theories.com).
Focuses on the inner mental abilities rather than only on behavior.
It is felt that, "their belief in free-will is in direct opposition to the deterministic laws of science" (simplypsychology.org)
Learning is student centered and the teacher becomes more of a guide than an instructor.
Due to its comparison to the computer, cognitivism does not place any focus on emotional, social, and creative thinking, but instead focuses solely on logical cognitive processing.
Humanism rejects any human comparison to that of animals and therefore rejects the experiments and theories of behaviorists.
Does not study and compare the mind of a human to that of an animal.
The lead psychologists supporting cognitivism include Piaget and Tolman.
B.F. Skinner was the father of Operant Conditioning when studying Behaviorism. His famous animal experiments were used to portray the power of positive and negative reinforcements.
Considers the uniqueness of each person which creates an opening for differentiated learning.
The link between behavior and mental activity is explored.
The comparison to the computer also brings up the speculation of whether this is really how the brain works with the though being that the human brain is far more complex, so the two processes really cannot be compared.
1960's
1950's
1960's
1913
1900
References
David L, "Summaries of Learning Theories and Models," in
Learning Theories, January 24, 2018, https://www.learning-theories.com/.
Mcleod, S. (2014, January 03). Simply Psychology.
Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/
Social Interaction
The More Knowledgeable Other
Zone of Proximal Development
John B. Watson
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Believes in negative reinforcement to affect behavior.
Does not consider thinking and emotion but instead only believes in the study of behavior which can be scientifically measured.
Believes people are a blank slate, this could really go either way, strength and weakness.
Believes in positive reinforcement to affect behavior.
Recognizes the role of the environment on ones behavior and learning.
Has the ability to provide students with real life applications.