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The Biomechanics of a tennis forehand shot

By Maddi Bishop

How to perform a tennis forehand shot

Skill acquisition stages

Motor skill

What is biomechanics?

Step 1: Prepare for the shot

Step 2: Level your back swing

- Hold racquet in dominant hand with other hand on the throat

Bring the racquet back - Level to your head

- not too low, not loo high

Cognitive stage - Understanding

Hand on the throat is released

- Legs shoulder width apart

An activity that involves muscular movement, with the correct degree of muscular control, to complete a reasonably complex predetermined task. (Amezdroz, 2010).

Shoulders turned sideways to the ball

- Understanding how to complete the forehand shot

- Understanding the sub routines of the shot

- High degree of errors

- Forms a rough mental plan

- Shoulders open by turning and taking the racquet back

Ensure wrist is locked

Step 3: Generate your forward swing

Biomechanics can be described as the "study of how living things move, and of the efficiency of the movement in particular" (Amezdroz, 2010).

After calculated approach of the ball - adjust yourself into the correct position

I am in this stage at the beginning of the 6 weeks

Force and Momentum

drop racket below level of ball with bending the elbow

Information processing

Eyes locked on the ball

Autonomous Stage - Automatic Performance

Associative Stage - Practice

Linkage to tennis

Types of Motor Skills

Force

Step 5: Follow through

Step 4: Swing through the ball

- Practicing the forehand shot

- Reduced amount of errors

- Recognises why an error was made

- Knows "how to do" rather than "what to do"

- Getting close to the autonomous stage

- Adcanced level of skill acquisition

- automatic response with skills approopriate to the situation

- Know when to perfrom a forehand shot

- makes infrequent errors

- Knows how to fix an error

After impact continue arm extention around the body by whipping wrist

Biomechanics - How we move and the efficiency of movement

The ability to process information

Hit the ball in the striking range or comfortable distance

- Discrete - Has a distinct beginning and end.

- Continuous

- Serial - Puts together several discrete tasks to form a continuous skill

- Fine Motor - The movement of small muscle groups

- Gross Motor - The movement of large parts of the body/ whole body

- Fine and Gross Motor Combined

Relates to Tennis

Motor Skills - muscular movement

"The pushing/ pulling or hitting/ throwing action which is applied to an object to start movement, stop movement or cause changes in movement" (Amezdroz, 2010)

- The racquet has zero force on the ball

- Once hit the force on the ball increases when it becomes distorted.

- Decreases when the ball returns back to original shape

Discrete

- A starting shot

- Beginning - throwing the ball up

- End - follow through at the end

Bring racquet to the other side of the body

Arm extended

Gross Motor

- Performing a forehand shot

In tennis - ability to move quickly and efficiently

- Open Skills - Performed in an unpredictable environment

- Closed skills

- Learning open and closed Skills

- Loco motor

- Non- Loco motor Skills

- Combined loco motor and non - loco motor skills

Fine Motor

- The movement of the feet and hands

Serial

- Performing a forehand shot on the run

use the wrist to keep racquet laid back

Open Skill

- The ability to quickly prepare for a certain shot in a short amount of time.

Stay locked and balanced

This is the stage that an elite tennis player is at

I hope to be at this stage in final week

Tennis ball returned to original shape after being distorted

Momentum

Relation to tennis

Force gained by a moving object

A distorted tennis ball on racquet

Tennis ball has nonzero momentum

- qucikly process the opponents shot - what shot they did and where will the ball land

In my shot

Things to consider

Low force therefore the momentum is not as fast

Tennis ball slow making it easier to hit

Is the ball going to the right or left?

Does the ball ave topspin?

What shot is required to return the ball?

Elite Tennis Player

Amezdroz, 2010

High force therefore fast momentum

Tennis ball faster making it harder to hit

Collision

Impulse

"The instant meeting of object or of bodies in which each exerts a force upon the other, causing the exchange of energy or momentum" (Isenbert, 2016)

"Change of momentum that occurs when a force is applied to an object "

Relation to Tennis

When the racquet and ball collide together and the ball compress agaisnt the string

Racquet - applying maximum force will change the momentum of the tennis ball

Sweet Spot

The spot of the racquet that is able to give the best return serve.

The sweet spot is the middle of the racquet head

Inertia

Balance

"An object responsiveness or its resistance to attempt to change its motion"

The ability to be stable when performing a skill

Newton's Law of Inertia

Relation to Tennis

Evaluation of a Forehand shot

Accuracy

"A body will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an applied force"

Body must be stable to perform a good forehand shot

Key to have control of the bodies movement execute the shot

Things to look for.

1st Week - Forehand shot

Relation to Tennis

The quality of being correct or precise

- Look at the height of racquet

- Angle of the racquet

- Lock wrist

- Follow through

- Position of your body

- Movement

When a tennis ball is hit by the racquet

The racquet is the applied force

Relation to Tennis

Last Week - Forehand Shot

Very important for a forehand shot

When accurate the forehand can be hard for the opponent to hit.

Last Weeks Video

Week 1 Video

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