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Afro-Eurasia Before 1500
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Afro-Eurasia Before 1500
The Iberian Peninsula
Separate Continents?
Africa, Asia, and Europe are often thought of as separate continents, but there have always been strong cultural and physical connections.
- The Eastern Hemisphere's chain of seas - China seas, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean, Baltic - formed an interlocking network of maritime (sea-bound) trade.
- At the same time, overland trade routes flourished on the Asian steppes and across the Sahara Desert.
- The Iberian Peninsula contains the modern countries of Portugal and Spain
- Between 711 and 1492, the southern part of the peninsula was under Islamic rule. These areas became centers of learning and cultural exchange.
- Backlash against Muslim presence, especially during the Crusading period, resulted in a prolonged struggle to expel Muslims (and all non-Christians) from the peninsula.
- This struggle culminated in the Reconquista (reconquest) in 1492
http://chssp.ucdavis.edu/programs/historyblueprint/maps/medieval-map#india-southeastasiacircuit
Conclusion
- The Afro-Eurasian World was deeply connected as of 1500
- The American continents alone were isolated, and multiple, distinct cultures and civilizations flourished there
Key Trade Routes
Not Just Europe
- The Black Death affected other regions too. In China, a combination of plague and famine led to political instability.
- The Yuan dynasty (Mongols) fell, and the Ming Dynasty (ethnically Han Chinese) rose
- The new dynasty rejected anything foreign and worked to reinforce Chinese culture and traditions
- The Silk Road had been in use since the 2nd century BCE, but was revitalized and expanded during the Mongol Expansion, beginning around 1200 CE. Why? Regional political stability.
- The Indian Ocean trading system had been in use as early as 2500 BCE and was dominated by Muslim traders for the period 1000 CE to 1500 CE.
The Black Plague
- Greater contact between peoples meant greater risk of disease transmission
- The Black Death or Bubonic Plague (Yersinia Pestis) is believed to have reached Europe via the silk road trading network
- Estimates vary, but the Black Death may have wiped out as much as 60% of Europe's population
- By 1500, the European population had largely recovered (the Renaissance happened in the wake of the Black Death)
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