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Differences in Habitat & Effects (continued..)

Penguins in Captivity (Tulsa Zoo) Habitat

Differences in Habitat & Effects

  • Human Cause
  • Global Warming
  • Threatens wild environments, especially in cold climates (ice melts, less area, affects distance for traveling to breeding grounds)
  • Body temperature too hot, deaths from temperature, can reduce amt. of food in waters
  • Human Pollution
  • pollution of water with chemicals, oil, debris takes away purity of natural habitat
  • Tom Mortimor: Bird Zoological Supervisor
  • African Penguins:
  • temperate species -- South Africa & Namibia + islands
  • don't need ice or snow, mildly warm
  • cool water (55-60 degrees)
  • shade
  • different substrate (rock, sand) & nesting options
  • **right diet, heat/air, enrichment, routine checkups (health), vitamins/anti-malarials, genetic matching (mate moving)

  • Hardships of Wild
  • In wild, cataracts, body condition, food shortage, oil spills (shipping lanes), predators, nesting can shorten life span
  • They nest on beaches in cavities (beneath sand and guano). In 1930's, LOTS of guano was harvested along w/ oil spills & food shortages has made penguin #'s hard to recover.
  • 1 Oil Spill could destroy an entire wild population b/c they live in the same area. Programs are needed to aid breeding & maintaining population

Wild Penguin Habitats

Wild Penguin Characteristics/Traits

  • Depends on which penguin species
  • Cold OR Hot
  • Antarctica VS Near Equator (S. America, Africa, Australia & New Zealand)
  • MUST be next to body of water
  • Essentially, most natural environment for penguins
  • very, very social
  • Rookeries (thousands)=important-- feed, swim, nest in groups
  • Communication (vocal/visual)
  • individual distinct call, helps mating & locating chicks
  • Calls out, waves flippers, bows, cleans feathers to look desirable
  • Display Call: complex, reserved for btwn. partners
  • Threat Call: for warnings
  • Loud Call: specifically taking actions against predators--to young
  • Preening
  • common behavior
  • Perfect feather condition: insulation & waterproofing
  • Gland (in base of their tail) secretes a special oil. Uses bills & rubs flippers in water to distribute oil throughout feathers.

Penguins in Captivity Characteristics/Traits

  • **same traits as wild penguins, but can depend on whether born in captivity OR taken from wild
  • Tulsa Zoo Penguins (born into captivity)
  • taken care of by both parents & "intervention only done when something is wrong"
  • Differences (ex):
  • Food is fed to them, there is no need for hunting
  • No predators, no need for warnings/calls
  • (+)
  • If simulated correctly, life spans can increase (30's, even 45) b/c of extensive care in food, routine monitoring & medical care
  • Much greater chance of offspring surviving. in wild, 2-3 eggs with 1 strongest surviving. In captivity, all could. No predators, best simulated environment/care.
  • (-)
  • If captive environment is not simulated healthily/correctly, penguins can suffer greatly. Stereotypic behavior (hair plucking, incessant habits). If taken straight from wild to captivity, can also be extreme on animals.
  • Ex: Sea World controversies

Basic Info (continued...)

Basic Information of Penguins

  • Scientific Name: Spheniscidae
  • warm-blooded, aquatic birds, can't fly
  • torpedo bodies, with blubber/down layer
  • cute huddling
  • large groups: rookeries
  • 75% underwater
  • salt water & special gland in bill
  • seafood: fish, krill, squid, crustaceans, and other seafood
  • Size: 16 in tall & 2.2 lbs - 3.7 ft tall & 60-90 lbs
  • Lifespan: about 15-30 years (depends)
  • VERY social--communication

Sources

Penguins: Captivity VS Wild

  • Interview with Tom Mortimor, Bird Zoological Supervisor from Tulsa Zoo
  • http://www.penguins-world.com/penguins-in-captivity/
  • http://www.livescience.com/27434-penguin-facts.html
  • http://www.penguins-world.com/penguin-habitat/
  • http://www.bioexpedition.com/penguin-behavior/
  • http://www.defenders.org/penguins/basic-facts
  • https://awionline.org/content/wild-vs-captivity
  • http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/animals-used-entertainment-factsheets/zoos-pitiful-prisons/
  • http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/how-captivity-effects-the-mental-well-being-of-all-animals/
  • http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatbirdblog/2013/07/08/penguin-facts-african-penguins-in-captivity-and-the-wild/#.WE4nJKIrLqR

By: Lydia Jeong

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