Empire and Industry: The Late 19th Century
6
railroads
canals
pro-science
open press / liberal
Transportion
& Agriculture
Britain's role
steam engine
Industry and Empire:
The late 19th Century
inventions and factories
raw materials
colonial market
massive new efficiency and productivity via science and centralization
seed drill
crop rotation
enclosure movement
spinning jenny
infrastructure / transportation
fertilizer
capital and credit
iron / steel plow
reaper / thresher / harvester
irrigation / drainage
transportation
farmers -> laborers
cotton gin
stock breeding
stable and hands-off government
food canning
refrigerator
cotton gin
Industrialization
2.
automobile
telegraph
sewing
airplane
machine
light bulb
Dr. Gideon Burton
elevator
telephone
steel
vaccines
dynamite
Brigham Young University
Science
in Society
economics
working
conditions
from the 18th century:
in the 19th century:
universal human rights
utilitarianism
self-determination
feminism / suffrage
individual's inherent
goodness, rationality
laissez-faire
economics
Species are variations on preexisting types that mutate, adapt, and evolve over generations
women's
rights
Charles Darwin, Origin of Species
Social
Science
utilitarianism
Liberalism
&
Conservatism
Marxism
&
Socialism
keystone of modern biology
The Theory
of Evolution
huge social / cultural consequences
democratic
thinking
Preconditions:
response to French Revolution
- scientific communication
- taxonomy / classification
renewal of social hierarchy / classes
- diversity of nature evident, accessible, of interest:
travel / trade
cabinets of curiosities / museums
return to centralized power
Social Darwinism
imperialism / nationalism
new instruments
shared knowledge
Prerequisite ideas / methods:
- nature separable from the divine
- skepticism
- empirical approach
- concepts about history:
origins, progress
- compelling (nonreligious / nonpolitical) motives
personal and social
1.
Nationalism is a
romanticicized identity
in contrast to liberalism:
(the unique or local is
valued over the universal)
common history
common culture
common language
common religion
common race
common culture
commonweal
common will
militarism - unity through war
"old imperialism" from the 15th-18th centuries
in the 19th century:
(Portugal, Spain, England, France)
(Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy)
Ideologies in Tension
Nationalism
&
Imperialism
exploration
technology and industrialization
expanded markets / money economy
exploitation of resources (raw materials)
gain subjects and converts
nationalism abroad (population, competition)
natives suffer: slavery, disease, war
civilizing mission (Social Darwinism)
markets
state control
economy
private
enterprise
mercantilism
monopolies
competition
production
small scale
industrial
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776)
laissez-faire economics / invisible hand
Capitalism
requires:
How does capitalism both
reflect and deflect liberalism?
a set of social values:
- accumulating wealth
- pursuing individual profit
- divisions of labor / centralizing private management
- consumption
- continuous improvement in standards of living
LEGAL FRAMEWORK: contracts, recourse
MONEY & monetary instruments, concepts, policy
surplus
SCALED production and consumption
MANAGEMENT - corporations / organizations
MARKETS
pricing data
instruments of exchange
political stability
materialist roots of humanity
we are makers
social relations and consciousness
result from material conditions
“The history of all hitherto existing human society is the history of class struggles.”
critique of capitalism:
dehumanizing: alienates us from our making
monopolizing of means of production
class consciousness / dialectical materialism / "Workers of the world, unite!"
as an ancient ideal and practice
as a response to capitalism
Plato
capitalism leads to exploitative concentrations of power in the hands of the few free-market victors
New Testament
communism
capitalism denies equality and human dignity (liberal values)
shared, not private, ownership/control of property and resources
centralized control of public property?
decentralization of everything?
socialism applied: communism(s)
William James, Varieties of Religious Experience
“The advance of liberalism, so-called, in Christianity, during the past fifty years, may fairly be called a victory of healthy-mindedness within the church over the morbidness with which the old hell-fire theology was more harmoniously related. We have now whole congregations whose preachers, far from magnifying our consciousness of sin, seem devoted rather to making little of it. They ignore, or even deny, eternal punishment, and insist on the dignity rather than on the depravity of man.
William James: “... in that 'theory of evolution' which, gathering momentum for a century, has within the past twenty-five years swept so rapidly over Europe and America, we see the ground laid for a new sort of religion of Nature, which has entirely displaced Christianity from the thought of a large part of our generation. The idea of a universal evolution lends itself to a doctrine of general meliorism and progress which fits the religious needs of the healthy-minded so well that it seems almost as if it might have been created for their use.”
Rational and Practical
More rational theology & more doubt
Psychological and social phenomenon
Responsive to social need
Nature as religion
Art as religion
Methodism
Religion
Irrational and Subjective
inspiration and emotion
music and religion
mysticism