Maia Sanders and Ethan Moroh
Period 2 APWH
Industrial Revolution
Seneca Falls: Feminism
Scramble for Africa
Political Restructuring
Abolition of Slavery and Serfdom
What it was:
- Revolution of social, technological, and economic organization that began in England in the 1760s
What it was caused by:
- Britain's government gave rewards for new innovations
- Britain had the resources (natural resources and skilled workers) and wealth
What were its effects:
- Britain had colonies all around the globe, so industrialization became worldwide
- Total restructuring of social organization, emergence of the middle class
- Transportation and communication innovations
- Specialization → mass production, which made time and cost for everything go down
- Urbanization!
What it was:
- The rushed imperial conquest of Africa by the major powers of Europe.
- Began with King Leopold II of Belgium’s conquest of Congo.
What caused it:
- Elitism
- Greed by the Europeans to become even more rich and powerful
What were its effects?
- Berlin Conference (conference on the division of Africa between the European powers)
- Economic drain in Africa due to exploitation
- European economic growth
- Monopolies on raw materials
What it was:
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott made the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York.
- The purpose of conference was: to protest the mistreatment of women in social, economic, political, and religious life.
What caused it:
- World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840, none of the women could participate in the debates.
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott felt like they were being treated unfairly, and so the idea came about for a convention on women’s rights.
What were its effects:
- Led to women’s rights as a public issue, and to more conferences concerning women’s rights in the U.S.
- Women were given the right to vote, and many other reformations of women’s rights
What it is:
- Revolutions towards independence that occurred all over the Atlantic world between 1775 and 1875. First American, then French, Haitian, and Latin American.
- The unification of Germany (mainly a unification between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia) and the unification of Italy (previously small, independent, city states) occurred in the mid 1800s.
What it was caused by:
- The increased sense of Nationalism and the spread of Enlightenment ideas (mainly those of equality and freedom).
- Each revolution influenced the next.
What were its effects:
- Widespread independence from colonial powers as well as all of the freedoms (political, economic,militaristic, etc.) that came with governing an autonomous state.
- Lead to an even greater sense of Nationalism that could now be realized as unified regions.
What it is:
- Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States
- In Russia, serfdom was officially abolished in 1861
What it was caused by:
- In the US: Immorality of slavery and because it didn’t yield the same economic output as it had done in the past
- In Russia: Tsar Alexander II’s attempt to modernize the economy after Russia’s humiliation in the Crimean Wars.
What were its effects:
- In the US: Those who had recently been slaves were now legally free to do as they pleased. Racial prejudice towards former slaves was still very much present, especially in the South.
- In Russia: Although abolition gave Serfs full rights as citizens, its results were not ideal.
Opium Wars
Imperialism
Indian National Congress
Peasant Rebellions
Opening of Suez Canal
What it was:
Two wars fought over trading between western European countries and China
What it was caused by:
- China wouldn’t trade with Western Europe, Britain illegally smuggled opium into China
- The majority of the Chinese population got addicted to opium, finally caused a desire to trade with W. Europe.
- The Chinese government banned the import of opium but Britain did it anyway, causing the first Opium War.
What were its effects:
- Opium was made legal in China.
- Many unequal treaties were put on China after the end of the war.
- Hong Kong became a colony of Britain.
- What it was:
- The extension of power over an area that isn’t directly connected to the mother country.
- It was often powerful countries in W. Europe who were the imperial powers
What it was caused by:
- Power and wealth of the W. European countries
- Greed to become even more powerful and wealthy
What were its effects:
- Exploitation of colonies' resources
- Monopolies of raw materials
- Colonies dependence on mother country, entire economy based around cash crops
What it is:
- Founded in 1885 as a pro-Indian political party. It was a powerful force against British colonial rule and supported the Indian Independence Movement.
What it was caused by:
- Founded with the intention of being a political platform for educated Indians to participate in government. It later became more radicalized, advocating for independence.
What were its effects:
- India achieved independence in 1947
- After independence, the INC became the dominant political party and worked to organize the country.
- Gandhi helped the INC as well as continuing to advocate nonviolence in all confrontations
What it is:
- The Taiping uprising (1850–1864), led by Hong Xiuquan, affected much of China and called for radical equality and industrialization.
- The Boxer Rebellion (1900) in China saw the formation of radical militias who killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians, besieged foreign embassies in Beijing, and caused chaos for the wealthy landowners and politics.
What it was caused by:
- Taiping: A shortage of food, Hong Xiuquan’s desire to spread his form of Christianity and a desire for social equality.
- Boxer: Increased opposition to foreign imperialism and Christianity as a result of China's defeat in the Opium Wars.
What were its effects:
- Taiping: Very heavy death toll (20-30 million total), weakening of the Qing dynasty
- Boxer: China was forced to pay reparations to eight countries suffering damage to their investments and institutions (United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary)
What it is:
- The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway and was opened in November 1869. It allows ship transport between Europe and eastern Asia without the need to navigate around Africa.
What it was caused by:
- Created by the Suez Canal Company (with a concession from Egypt) with the intention of creating a universal water route that would shorten the distance traveled by goods and people, therefore, being both economically and publicly beneficial.
What were its effects:
- Became a very busy and important waterway because of its geographic placement.
- Utilized by all nations because of its status as an international waterway.
- Drastically decreased transportation times between Europe and Eastern Asia, making the canal economically beneficial.