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Stuttering

Kristi Craig

Updated July 21, 2015

Transcript

Finding Their Voice

Stuttering: A look at Childhood disfluencies

Kristi Craig

How common is Stuttering?

There are over 3 million people who stutter in America and almost 69 million world wide
It is less than 1% of adults that stutter
In children, 5% (or 1/20) will stutter, (1/4 which will not "develop out" of it)
Young boys are 2 times as likely to stutter than girls and as they get older, boys become 3-4 times more likely than girls
Early intervention as early as 3 or 4 can help prevent chronic, life-long stuttering

What is Stuttering?

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Stuttering, or Stammering, is a communication disorder in which the flow of speech is broken by repetition, prolongations, or abnormal stoppage of syllables and sounds. There may also be unusual facial and body movements associated with the effort to speak.

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(The Stuttering Foundation: The Facts www.StutteringHelp.org/facts)

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Characteristics:

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Assessment & Diagnosis

Repetitions -can be words with single sounds or syllables (blocking), more than one syllable or whole words are repeated (c-c-c-candy, Where-Were is my ball? or I want-I want to see it.)
Interjections - fillers that are added and used regularly in a sentence (um, er, like)
Hesitations - pauses in the middle of words or sentences
Prolongations - a sound is stretched out (caaaaaaan we go?)
Substitutions - relpacing difficult words with simpler ones (tin foil rather than aluminum)
Revisions, Deletions
Behaviors - could include blinking, facial ticks, lip tremors, muscle tension in the mouth, jaw, or neck, or other unusual body movements

A Speech Language Pathologist (SLP) will recommend evaluation if a child:

stutters for three to six months
exhibits struggle behaviors associated with stuttering
has a family history of related communication disorders

A multidisciplinary evaluation is performed (with parental consent) which assesses oral mechanism exam, voice quality assessment, expressive language development, social-pragmatics, speech sound production, & fluency.

An IEP will be performed within 60 days of signed consent.

There are Three types of Stuttering with various possible causes

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Developmental Stuttering - The most common and affects young children that are still learning language skills. Hereditary and linked to 3 genes and 50-70% of all stutters have a hereditary link. Not all with the genes develop a stutter and not all developmental stutterers have a hereditary link. Other possible causes are a mis-communication between the premotor and mechanical processes of speech.
Neurogenic Stuttering - Occurs as a result of stroke, head trauma or other brain injury.
Psychogenic Stuttering - Extremely rare form that is believed to originate from the region of the brain that directs thought and reasoning and may affect people with mental illness or possibly have experienced an extreme psychological stress or anguish.

What you can do

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Be a good communicator and model patience and a longer wait time before answering questions
If the student is having a difficult speaking day, talk to them about how they want you to treat them that day. Some students may want to be treated exactly the same, even on difficult days and some may benefit more from less additional pressures.
Oral reports should be handled in the same way if they are not addressed in an IEP
Let the student know that what they have to say is always important, not how they say it
Praise them for volunteering their ideas
Give them opportunities to talk without the pressure to answer

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Resources

Interesting Facts:

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American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (November 2004). Preferred practice patterns for the profession of speech-language pathology [Preferred Practice Patterns]. Retrieved from www.asha.org/policy/PP2004-00191/ and www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering.htm

I Have a Voice. (2015). How is Speech Produced? Retrieved from http://www.ihaveavoice.info/how-speech-produced.html

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (March 2010). Stuttering. Retrieved from http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/stutter.aspx

National Stuttering Association (NSA). (2014). Educators Can Help Children Who Stutter. Retrieved from www.westutter.org/who-we-help/educators

and Individual Education Plan (IEP) Information. http://westutter.org/who-we-help/families/parents/individual-education-plan-iep-information/

Quiñones, Doris R. (May 2012). I Have A Voice: Informing Adults Who Stutter. Retrieved from http://www.ihaveavoice.info/ReeceQ-Thesis-2012.pdf

The Mayo Clinic. (August 20, 2014). Symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stuttering/basics/symptoms/con-20032854

The Stuttering Foundation (TSF). (July 3, 2015). Cluttering. Retrieved from www.StutteringHelp.org/cluttering

University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC). (2015). Stuttering: Emotional Impact of Stuttering and Stuttering: Risk Factors Indicating Inability to Recover. Retrieved from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/speech-pathology/speech-language-disorders/stuttering.aspx

Words in Motion Speech Pathology. (2015). Stuttering in Children. Retrieved from http://www.wordsinmotionspeech.com/stuttering-in-children

Zebrowski, Patricia M. (2006) Counseling People Who Stutter and Their Families. The Journal of Stuttering Therapy, Advocacy & Research. Pp. 1-6.

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Modifications

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