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France cycles through several new governments until Convention, created by the Commune that

took over Paris led by Danton of the Jacobin Party, eventually abolishes monarchy.

In the end, most revolutions generally end up back where they started...

Stages of the French Revolution

Audrey Sassi and Lina Hassen

Convalescence

The country enters a period of recovery and a strong leader comes to power. The most radical leaders are thrown off or executed.

End of the

Reign of Terror

Napoleon's Rise to Power

  • The Girondin Party tried to end the Reign of Terror, but many are executed
  • Even Danton executed for wanting to stop it
  • Robespierre, who eventually led the Committee and continued executions, blamed
  • July 27, 1794 - end of the Reign of Terror
  • Convention sent Robesierre and other Committee members to guillotine
  • Directory was corrupt and had poor administration
  • People became frustrated wt government
  • Began to devlopstron feelings of nationalism
  • National pride fueled by military successes
  • Napolean Bonaparte was a s powerful general with the army's support
  • Came to power in a coup d'etat and ended French revolution

The Directory

Rising Fever

  • Consitution of the Year III of the Republic (1795) puts the Directory in power
  • 2 branches
  • Executive: 5 directors appointed by the Legislature
  • Legislature: Lower house (500 members) proposed laws, upper house (250 members) voted on laws - 2/3 filled by Convention members

The middle class' anger rises and a battle occurs. The government collapses and a new one is established.

Taxation of

Pre-Revolutionary France

Population of

Pre-Revolutionary France

1.50%

First Estate

0.50%

Second Estate

Third Estate

Collapse of Louis' Power

The National Assembly

  • The Parisians organize their own government called the Commune.
  • The Third Estate begin to attack the nobility, causing many of them to flee Fance and become known as émigrés.
  • Records of people's taxes and other debts are destroyed.
  • Louis XVI is forced to fly France's new tricolor flag.
  • The Commune fear Louis XVI will call foreign troops (i.e Austria), so women attack Versailles and force royal family to relocate to Paris with the National Assembly (Octover 5, 1789).
  • The royal family spend next several years as prisoners in the Tuileries Palace.
  • Third Estate declare themselves 'The National Assembly' after unfair treatment in the Estates-General.
  • Third Estate vow 'The Tennis Court Oath' and promise to stay together and create a written constitution for France.
  • Louis XVI surrenders and agrees to let the three estates vote by population on a new constitution for France (June 23, 1789).

Storming of Bastille

First Estate

Land Ownership of

Pre-Revolutionary France

Second Estate

  • Louis XVI backs down on allowing the three estates to create a written constitution and plans to use military force against the National Assembly.
  • News of Louis' plan to use the military against the Third Estate reaches Paris.
  • The people storm the Bastille and seize weapons (July 14, 1989).

Third Estate

Symptoms

Middle class expresses anger over economic restraints, government is inefficient, and the bureaucracy is breaking down.

Terror

The Estates-General

Monarchy & Louis XVI

The inept new govenment are forcibly and violently removed from power by radicals. Ultra-radicals set about exterminating all opposition to the revolution.

  • Winter of 1788-89
  • Louis calls meeting of estates' elected reps. for the first in over 100 years
  • May 5, 1789, meeting occured
  • Voting was unfair (1 vote per Estate) -> disproportional to population size
  • 3rd Estate wante dvoting by population; 1st and 2nd Estate acted as a "bloc"
  • Deadlock resulted
  • Weak leader
  • Wife Marie-Antoinette spends too much money
  • Living far from Paris and people in a lavish palace (doesn't know the people's problems)

Bankruptcy

  • France involved in many wars (American Revolution etc.)
  • Constant debt - deficit spending
  • Only Third Estate paying taxes.
  • Famine and riots in the street.

Reign of Terror

The Convention (1792 - 1795

  • September 5, 1793 to July 27, 1794.
  • Jacobin party led by Danton dominate French politics.
  • Those who spoke out against the revolution were tried for treason and sent to the guillotine by the Committee of Public Safety.
  • Abolishment of monarchy as the first French Republic is established.
  • Domestic fighting between political parties: Girondists (moderates, rich middle class) and the Jacobins (Workers, led by Danton and Robespierre)
  • Coalition is formed to invade France.
  • Royal family are tried and convicted for treason.
  • Louis XVI guillotined (January 21, 1793)
  • Marie Antoinette guillotined (October 16, 1793)

The Committee of Public Safety

  • Headed by Danton then Robespierre.
  • People who spoke against the ideas of the revolution were charged by the committee's 'Revolutionary Tribunal'.
  • Approximately over 15000 people were executed by guillotine (a.k.a the 'National Razor'
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