Concept Map of Lipid Metabolism

Concept Map of Lipid Metabolism

Short vs. Long Chain Fatty Acids

Long Chain Fatty Acids:

• Are twelve carbon strands or longer
• Sit/Clog blood stream when too many fatty acids are consumed
• This can lead to plague build up in your arties
• Not easy to digest
• Meaning your body first has to burn all of the calories from "healthy fats" before burning long chain fatty acids
• When too many are consumed it can lead to obesity and other aliments
• Specific Type of Fats

1. Saturated

• Contain no double bonds only single bonds which mean, these bonds are a lot harder to break down during digestion

Short Chain Fatty Acids:

• Are six carbon strands or shorter
• Float easily through blood stream
• Highly digestible
• Meaning they are used as energy "fuel for the body"
• Specific Type of Fats
• Healthy Fats

1. Unsaturated

• This fat contains double bonds and not every Carbon is attached to a hydrogen.
• This means bonds are easier to break down.

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Ex. Short Chain Fatty Acids

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Ex. Long Chain Fatty Acids

Short Chain Metabolism

Step 1: Digestion (Physical Breakdown)

Part 2: Long Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism

Long Chain Fatty Acid Digestion

Long Chain Transportation

Steps:

1. Digestion

2. Absorption

3. Transport

4. Metabolism

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Steps:

1. Digestion

2. Absorption

3. Transport

4. Metabolism

In the lymph nodes particles that were to large to fit through pancreatic duct are transferred from the intestines via capillaries to lymph nodes

1. Chylomicrons

• Transport long chain fatty acids through the lymphatic system
• Deliver fatty acids to tissue
• Eventually end in liver
• Where chylomicrons are converted into other lipoproteins

2. IDL - Intermediate Density Lipoprotein

• Deliver some fatty acid to tissue
• Main job to keep ratio of fatty acid and cholesterol equal
• Composed of used chylomicrons and VLDL

Digestion begins in the mouth, when consuming food.

• Long Chain Fatty Acids are not a dietary essential
• They contain single bonds that are hard to breakdown and can numerous health issues when consumed in large quanities
• Long Chain Fatty Acids are complex lipids
• Esters of fatty acids contain group in addition to an alcohol group or fatty acid
• Esters are attached to a P or N group instead of fatty acid
• One should avoid eating foods high in saturated fats

Lymph Nodes

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2

Digestion begins in the mouth, when consuming food.

• Short Chain Fatty Acids are a dietary essential
• Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)
• Body cannot create these (Omega 6 & Omega 3)
• Needed for fat-soluble vitamin absorption
• Vitamin A, D, E & K
• Highly Digestible (80%)
• Excellent source of energy & energy storage
• Improves palatability (taste buds)
• Short Chain Fatty Acids are simple lipids
• Fats are esters of fatty acids + glycerol
• Fatty Acids are attached to glycerol backbones
• One should consume seeds, nuts, fish, chicken, and dark green leafy veggies to receive adequate amount of EFA's

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Ex. Foods high in saturated fats

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Absorption

Short Chain Transportation:

Long Chain Fatty Acid Absorption

Short Chain Metabolism

The End

Long Chain Fatty Acid metabolism happens in the capillaries with the help of lipoprotein lipase.

• Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
• Found on every cell surface
• Remove fatty acids from TAG to all fatty acid to enter cell
• Cells require energy to make LPL
• Use precursor of short chain fatty acids
• Once fatty acid enters cell it can stored as energy and used later (andipose)
• Or aid in beta-oxidation

• Once food has traveled down the esophagus and to the stomach absorption begins.
• Food then proceeds through the alimentary tract to the small intestine, specifically the Duodenum.
• Here pancreatic lipase (pancreas secretions) & bile emulsify lipids in fatty acids into micelles (aqueous solutions)
• Pancreatic lipase contains enzymes that breakdown fat molecules in food called, triglyceride (TAG), converting them to monoglycerides (MAG) by breaking hydrogen bonds
• Micelles include: TAG, DAG, MAG, FFA, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins
• Enterocytes are also found in Jejunum
• They coat lipid cells to increase surface area as cells slide into pancreas and aid in absorption.

**Short Chain Fatty Acids are then adsorbed by the portal vein**

• The portal vein then transfers monoglycerides to liver

Beta-Oxidation (BO)

• How fatty acid is used to make energy for the cell
• Occurs in cell mitochondria
• ATP
• Energy used by all cells
• Keeps a body moving and healthy
• Formula

BO (ATP) = (n-1)*17+12-2

• n = Number of Carbons in Chain/2

• Once food has traveled down the esophagus and to the stomach absorption begins.
• Food then proceeds through the alimentary tract to the small intestine, specifically the Duodenum.
• Here pancreatic lipase (pancreas secretions) & bile emulsify lipids in fatty acids into micelles (aqueous solutions)
• Pancreatic lipase contains enzymes that breakdown fat molecules in food called, triglyceride (TAG), converting them to monoglycerides (MAG) by breaking hydrogen bonds
• Micelles include: TAG, DAG, MAG, FFA, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins
• Enterocytes are also found in Jejunum
• They coat lipid cells to increase surface area as cells slide into pancreas and aid in absorption.

**Long Chain Fatty Acids are then adsorbed by the Lymphatic System**

• The intestines transfers monoglycerides to Lymphatic System

In the liver transportation to other parts of the body take place by targeting specific TAG & cholesterol cells

1. VLDL - Very Low Density Lipoprotein

• Produced in liver
• Mostly filled with TAG & some cholesterol
• Cholesterol is a precursor for Vitamin D and is found in all cell membranes of body tissue. It is also aids in manufacturing bile.
• VLDL deliver fatty acid to tissue through hepatic vein
• VLDL is a precursor for the other lipoproteins

2. HDL - High Density Lipoprotein

• Made in liver
• Receive precursor from VLDL & intestines
• Composed of protein
• Because these cells are mostly empty they pick-up cholesterol from circulatory system.

3. LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein

• Created from HDL
• Deliver most fatty acid to tissue
• Mostly composed of cholesterol
• Deliver cholesterol to cells and between cells

Woohoo!!!

Lymph System

Process:

• Intestines carry fluid away from tissue to filter through lymph system
• Drains excess fluid from interstitial spaces
• Transports material to large to enter capillaries

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Here you can see fatty acids entering duodenum, and being broken down by pancreas, before finally being transferred up the portal vein to the liver

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