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Crying was often considered weak and feminine during war.
Modern-day treatments and medications include:
http://www.britishpathe.com/video/wonderful-shell-shock-recovery
The mental effects of war on younger soldiers were more severe than in older men
"his mouth is wet and pours out words, half choked, meaningless words... He butts his head against the wall like a goat" (109-111).
The term "shell shock" originated from " 'the remarkably close similarity' of symptoms in three soldiers who had each been exposed to exploding shells."
"By 1916, over 40% of the casualties in fighting zones were victims of Shell shock and by the end of the war over 80,000 cases had passed through British Army medical facilities."
http://spartacus-educational.com/FWWmental.htm
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Shock-of-War.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/shellshock_01.shtml
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmental.htm
http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/rivers1.htm
http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/shell-shock
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/06/shell-shocked.aspx
http://ww1centenary.oucs.ox.ac.uk/body-and-mind/shell-shock-on-film/
http://www.simonwessely.com/Downloads/Publications/History/21.pdf
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-shock-of-war-55376701/?no-ist=
"PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder, is an anxiety problem that develops in some people after extremely traumatic events, such as combat, crime, an accident or natural disaster.
People with PTSD may relive the event via intrusive memories, flashbacks and nightmares; avoid anything that reminds them of the trauma; and have anxious feelings they didn’t have before that are so intense their lives are disrupted."
-APA (American Psychological Association)
- The goal of treating shell shock was to return the soldiers to the front
- 4/5 of men who were treated for shell shock never returned to the front
-Treatments based on theories and observations, not as much on research.
It was believed that if symptoms were caused by "paralysis of nerves," treatment included:
World War I left many soldiers frustrated, tired, and upset.
Soldiers diagnosed with shell shock often experienced “ 'reduced visual fields,' loss of smell and taste, and some loss of memory' " as well as uncontrollable muscle spasms or inability to move.
A soldier tries to comfort his friend as they wait in the trenches.
http://miepvonsydow.wordpress.com/2013/12/28/shell-shock/