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3 Epic Similes:
1. "But each time she slipped out of my arms, like a shadow or dream..."
2. "A high dark wave rose arching over them, like a mountain, keeping them concealed."
3. "Around me they kept killing the rest of my companions, like white-tusked pigs at some wedding feast."
The book begins with Odysseus and his men down at the beach. They board their ship and sail to the land of the Cimmerians. Once Odysseus and his men reach their destination, they intend to attract the souls of the dead. In order to contact them, Odysseus must make sacrifices. He then proceeds to enter the underworld, which is his only hope of returning home.
Story Time:
Odysseus: Central figure in the story
Anticlea: Daughter of Autolycus, Wife of Laertes, and Mother of Odysseus
Creon: King of Thebes and successor to Oedipus
Leda: Queen of Sparta
Ghost of Agamemnon and Ghost of Achilles: comrades of odyssey at Troy
Persephone: Queen of underworld, sent souls to meet Odysseus
1. Homer references "sovereign Death and pale Persephone". This alludes to Hades and Persephone and helps the reader understand the urgency of the situation.
2. "Eriphyle, who sold her own husband's life for gold." This is an allusion to Amphiaraus of Argos, whose wife, Eriphyle, was bribed by Polyneices with a divinely-made necklace. Eriphyle convinced her husband to go fight in a war that he knew would result in his own (Amphiaraus') death.
3 Epithets:
3.Odysseus sees Heracles, who mentions that he "served a man far inferior to me, and he set me difficult tasks." This is an allusion to Eurystheus, the king who sent Heracles on his famous labors.
1. "Helios, god of the sun who sees all, hears all things"
2. "Poseidon, god who rocks the earth"
3. "Odysseus, mastermind of war"
External:
1. Odysseus had to fend off the shades from drinking his blood until Teiresias had told him the prophecy.
2. Odysseus and his crew are cautious of “the wretched mortals” as they drag their ship to the land of the dead.
3. Odysseus tore out Polyphemus' eye, which was the cause of Poseidon's anger towards him and has made his journey home more difficult.
Odysseus performs a ritual sacrifice in order to contact the souls of the underwold and Teiresias of Thebes, the prophet. Teiresias warns him of the hardships to come on is journey home and instructs him to travel to find people who know noting of the sea. Odysseus is told to take an oar with him and if he does exactly as Teiresias says, Odysseus will die a peaceful death surrounded by his prospering people at a ripe old age. He spoke to Elpenor, Anticleia, Hercules, Agamemnon, Achilles, Tityus, and many more. Each ghost had a different story to share with Odysseus. Some asked for favors, advice, or even just simple questions about what has happened since they have been gone. Odysseus reconnected with his lost friends and family.
Epic Character:
1. Odysseus speaks to his dead family and friends throughout the entire passage. This corresponds to a strength within him.
2. In passage 6, Elpenor says that he will bring the gods anger down on him if he didn't help him. This relates to Odysseus' relationship to a god.
3. Odysseus is described as resourceful in passage 23. This refers to his superhuman craftiness an confidence, demonstrated when he traveled from the island to the underworld.
Poetic Sound Devices:
1. Personification: "They drifted up to the pit from all sides with an eerie cry, and a pale fear seized me."
2. Simile: "You seek a homecoming sweet as honey, shining Odysseus, but a god will make it bitter, for I do not think you will elude the Earth Shaker, who has laid up wrath in his heart against you, furious because you blinded his son."
3. Foreshadowing: "But your wife will not bring upon your death Odysseus, lcaius daughter, you're wife Penelope, is far too prudent."