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Sources:

Impact of child labour on Indian society

10.1. Written literature

1. Balagopalan, Sarada. Inhabiting ''Childhood'' (Palgrave Macmillan). Basingstoke 2014.

2. Jayaraj, D., and S. Subramanian:. Poverty, Inequality, and Population: Essays in Development and Applied Measurement. (Oxford University Press). Oxford 2010.

3. Srivastava, Ravi: Bonded Child Labour in India: Its Incidence and Pattern. (Cornell University). 1st April 2005.

4. Subbaraman, Subhashini: Essays on Child Labour, Its Relation with Competitiveness of Labour Intensive Exports, Its Determinants and Education in India. (Lanwirtschaftliche-Gärtnerische Fakultät Der Humboldt Universität), Berlin 2008.

10.2. Internet sources

1. Agarwal, Vibhuti: Why Child Labor isn’t illegal in India. (Wallstreet Journal). From: http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/10/10/why-child-labor-isnt-illegal-in-india/ 14th October 2014.

2. Brinkhoff, Thomas: World By Map: Literacy Rates. From: http://world.bymap.org/LiteracyRates.html. 13th April 2014.

3. Census of India: Provisional Population Totals: India : Census 2011. From: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html. 2011.

4. CIA: The World Factbook: Field Listing: Literacy. From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#xx

5. Fair Trade: Child Labour. From: http://www.fairtrade.net/child-labour.html. 3rd February 2015.

6. Follath, Eric: India at Crossroads on Path to Superpower Status. From: http://abcnews.go.com/International/india-crossroads-path-superpower-status/story?id=17173228 9th September 2012.

7. Goswami, Ranjit: India’s population in 2050: extreme projections demand extreme actions. From: http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/04/05/indias-population-in-2050-extreme-projections-demand-extreme-action/ 5th April 2015.

8. ILO: Child labour in Asia. From: http://ilo.org/asia/areas/child-labour/lang--en/index.html

9. ILO: What is meant by child labour?. From: http://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/child-labour/WCMS_249004/lang--en/index.htm 13th July 2011.

10. Ministry of Labour & Employment: CENSUS DATA on Child Labour. http://labour.nic.in/content/division/census-data-on-child-labour.php. India 2011.

11. McCurry, Steve: Archive for child labor: Stolen childhoods. From: https://stevemccurry.wordpress.com/tag/child-labor/ 29th May 2013

12. Worldometers.: Current World Population. From: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ 25th February 2015.

Conclusion

  • Child labour: A tremendous impact on Indian society -> too dependent

  • Difficult to reduce

  • Past shows positive results of reducing child labour

  • Government must actively help to abolish child labour

  • Solution. Financial support for poor families; compulsory school attendance; more schools

The Inside View

  • Sewakumar's view: “Educated parents would know that education is the key to success.”

  • Solomon's view: Caste system in the past created inequality -> leads to poverty

  • Similar to the research results

Education?

1. Definition 2. Present situation 3. Motives 4. "The Inside View" 5. Conclusion

Subsistence?

1. Definition 2. Present situation 3. Motives 4. "The Inside View" 5. Conclusion

India's future?

Education

Poverty?

Poverty

  • India's literacy rate: 74%; World's literacy rate 84%
  • Illiteracy rate is in general higher in the north than in the south
  • Child labour rate is high in uneducated families
  • Poor families cannot afford their child to attend school -> poverty trap

When poverty rate increases-> High child labour rate

Bonded child labour

Abuse?

Within the household:

  • No income of subsistence -> Children are forced to work
  • 40% of the children contribute to 10%-20% of the household income

Missing infrastructure/ amenities:

  • Mobility
  • Health
  • Hygiene
  • Electricity

  • Children repay the debts of their guardians -> mostly low wages

  • 40%-50% of the overall bond laborers are children

  • Many found in carpet weaving, silk industries and hybrid seed production

  • No contract -> No time frame

->

High child labour rate

Deprivation

1. Definition 2. Present situation 3. Motives 4. "The Inside View" 5. Conclusion

CHILD LABOUR

The situation in India

>

  • More male children than female children

<

  • Children from 11-14 years are preferred

  • Urban areas Rural areas

  • Child labour rate is higher in the north than in the south

  • High child labour rate in scheduled castes/ tribes

  • 'Nowhere' children

The situation in India

1. Definition 2. Present situation 3. Motives 4. "The Inside View" 5. Conclusion

11.28 million children (1991) -> 12.66 million children (2001) -> 4.35 million children (2011)

2.50 US Dollars

-> 90% ->

38 US Dollars

Wage of a child

Wage of an unskilled adult

Bonded child labour?

1. Definition 2. Present situation 3. Motives 4. "The Inside View" 5. Conclusion

Nowhere children?

Leisure?

Child labour today

Table of Contents

1. Definition of child labour

  • What is child labour?

2. The present situation

  • In the world? In India?
  • 165 million children -> Nearly half under hazardous conditions

  • 122 million children found in Asia

  • No real decrease in child labour rate

  • Child labour abolishment is not included in the Millenium Development Goals

  • Organizations: ILO, OECD, CRC

Deprivation?

3. Motives:

  • Poverty
  • Bonded child labour
  • Education

4. "The Inside View"

5. Conclusion

  • What Impact does it have?
  • How can one reduce/ diminish child labour?

1. Definition 2. Present situation 3. Motives 4. "The Inside View" 5. Conclusion

Definition

1.The ILO (International Labor Organization):

  • Involvement of physical, mental and social stress
  • Age boundary is unknown

2. Subbaraman/ Jayaraj & Subramanian:

  • Incitation of 'school-less-ness'
  • Cognitive and mental development hindered
  • Age: 6-14 years

By Khee-Ryoung Rhee, Mll Q1

1. Definition 2. Present situation 3. Motives 4. "The Inside View" 5. Conclusion

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