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Ways we organize perceptions

The figure-ground principle

Perception

Perception – The process by which we make sense out of experience.

Perceptual Schemata – constructs used to organize perceptions.

-physical constructs - by physical classifications

-role constructs - by social positions

-interaction constructs – by social behavior

-psychological constructs – describe one’s state of mind

Closure – filling in missing perceptual pieces to perceive a complete world.

The stages of perception:

1) the selecting stage – attend to only some stimuli we are exposed to.

2) the organizing stage – we give order to the selected stimuli.

3) the interpreting/evaluating stage – we make sense of the stimuli based on our life experiences.

4) the retrieving stage – we recall information related to the stimuli

5) the responding stage – we decide how to react to what we have perceived.

The Self

How perception is selective and personal:

The self is a social product – combination of who we think we are, who other people think we are, and who we think others think we are.

Self-awareness – the ability to reflect on and monitor one’s own behavior.

Self-concept – everything one thinks and feels about oneself.

Self-esteem – how well one likes and values oneself

Selective Perception - interpretation

Selective Exposure - limiting your presence

Selective Attention - focus

Selective Retention - memory

Chapter 3

Five dimensions of self-esteem:

- Competence

- Worthiness

- Cognition

- Affect

- Stability

Perception and the Self

Memory and Perception

Our memories affect our perceptions – how we have interpreted stimuli in the past affect how we interpret future stimuli.

Why we misremember events:

1) Memories are transient and tend to fade over time.

2) We remember aspects of an event but are likely to misattribute them.

3) Our biases distort our recollections.

Gender affects our self-concept

What impact does self-esteem have?

Self-Concept

Activity: Make a list of the people you interacted with yesterday. Choose an adjective that describes how you felt when interacting with each person. What do your choices mean about your self-image? Why do you think those people made you feel more positive or negative about yourself?

Once we become self-aware, we begin to build a self-concept. Over time, our opinions about ourselves grow more and more resistant to change.

The negative side of self-esteem:

-high self esteem + praised even more = inflated ego or bullying.

-undeservedly praised = unprepared for the criticism of their supervisors

-People with extremely high and extremely low self-esteem tend to be self-absorbed.

Optimism vs. Pessimism

Things that affect your self-concept:

-Ways others relate to you

-Way you experience and evaluate yourself

-The roles you perform

-The media messages you absorb

-The expectations you and others have for you

-Gender, cultural and technological messages you internalize

The positive side of self-esteem:

Optimism in our own competence is called self–efficacy.

(Not unrealistic optimism based on overconfidence.)

Strong feelings of self-efficacy = more persistent, less anxious, and less depressed. Don’t dwell on our failures, seek a solution.

Pessimists lack resilience and believe that bad events are their own fault, will last and will undermine whatever they do. There is feeling of lacking control in one’s destiny.

-People who have a healthy amount of self-esteem are not self-absorbed.

-Realistic in their abilities, in touch with their strengths and weaknesses, and able to tolerate feelings of frustration.

-Confident and resilient, which contributes to their success.

-Researchers now believe that high self-esteem is caused by success, but success is not caused by high self-esteem.

The opinions and actions of people who are important to you have a profound affect on how your self-concept develops.

Barriers to Perception

Barriers to Perception II

Developing Self-Awareness

Destiny?

Barriers to Perception

Eric Berne (psychiatrist) - identity scripts

Being a Lazy Perceiver: Oversimplifying a situation by using stereotypes or prejudices to judge people or situations.

Pygmalion effect – the principle that we fulfill the expectations of others.

Freezing Perceptions

Perceptual Sets - expectations that produce a readiness to process experiences in a predetermined way.

(Tendency or bias to perceive one thing and not another)

First impressions can affect the course of a relationship.

Galatea effect – The principle that we fulfill our own expectations.

Confusing inferences with facts.

Erving Goffman (sociologist) - all of life is a performance.

- Impression Management

- Perceived self

- Facework

Primacy effect - the ability of one's first impression to color subsequent impressions.

Read the following sentence 3 times:

Blindering Test

Moving information from Pane III to Pane I is called self-disclosure.

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS.

Question: Do you work better when you get negative or positive feedback? Does negative feedback make you panic and work harder or does it cause you to give up? Does positive feedback make you lazy?

High self-monitors - highly attuned to their impression management

Closing our eyes and mind to new experiences through selective exposure.

Ramirez & Sunnafrank (the college class test):

  • Predicted outcome theory - the theory that we form relationships based on whether we believe they are worth it.

II

I

Low self-monitors - pay little attention to how others respond to their messages.

Selective Perception:

Halo effect - the perceiving of qualities that are primarily positive.

Horn effect - the perceiving of qualities that are primarily negative.

III

IV

How can we use life scripts, the Johari window, and impression management to develop self-awareness?

Lacking empathy (the experience of the world from a perspective other than our own.)

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