Mind Map

FiLCHeRS Key

ESSCMO KEY

Scientific Method Key

hi

While critically thinking there are six rules of evidential reasoning continuously occur throughout the scientific process consisting of:

ESSCMO is an acronym applies to topics by being an ongoing process within the Scientific Method. It provides assistance with guidig critical thinking. This is necessary to make accurate discoveries and properly assess issues within our world.

The Scientific Method is an ongoing, non-linear, process. It is a method of acquiring knowledge that characterizes the development of science consisting of :

Falsifiability - A claim must be testable. It must be possible to conceive a test that would disprove an idea if it were false

Violations: Vague/undeclared claim, Multiple Outs, or use of supernatural claim

Logic - If an argument is presented in support of a claim, then it must be logical (sound and valid)

Comprehensiveness - Consider all relevant evidence, alternate explanations and must utilize multiple working hypothesis.

Honesty - Evidence must be evaluated impartially in an unbiased, fair minded manner without self-deception.

Replicability - The results of studies and experiments must be replicated/replicable by other researchers. Especially if the results are contrary to expectations.

Sufficiency - The acceptance of an idea must be based on confirming/positive evidence; not simply the absence of discomfiting evidence.

Corralaries: The claimant must provide the evidence, testimonial evidence is not sufficient, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and the acceptance of an idea must not be based simply on the absence of evidence

FACT:

Empiricism - Knowledge is based on sensory experiences, it must be observable and measurable

Skepticism - claims should be questioned and rigorously investigated before being accepted as true

Self-Correcting - The process of correcting oneself based on new information

Critical Thinking - The process of applying rigorous analysis to claims

Multiple Working Hypotheses - The practice of developing multiple hypothesis to investigate the same problem being studied.

Occam’s Razor - The principle that the hypothesis that makes the least assumptions is most likely to be correct.

Question - Forming a question(s)

Hypothesis - Form an explanatory hypothesis

Experiment - Test the hypothesis by performing an experiment and collecting data in a reproducible manner. Analyze the data collected.

Observation - Gather information and resources

Results - Interpretation of the data

Conclusion - Drawing a conclusion based on testing and data. (May serve as a starting point for new hypothesis).

Retest - Used to achieve the same initial results or challenge them. (Frequently done by other scientists as well)

Cooling!

As the universe expands, the cooler the universe is becoming.

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observation:

Burst Expansion

observation:

FiLCHeRS!!!

• Falsifiability

Contrary to the name there was no explosion. The universe instead began as a very hot and dense single point before starting a sudden fast (burst) expansion. It doubled in size approximately 90 times. very quickly.

Light elements

FACT:

SURVIVED!

Opaque Plasma

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Atoms crashed together with enough force to break up into a dense combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons called OPAQUE PLASMA that scattered light like fog.

In the first few minutes of the universe's expansion, light chemical elements were made. Although this happened quickly, for the first 380,000 years the universe was still much too hot from it's initial creation and it was actually just too hot to actually allow light to shine.

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This theory continued to survive being falsified and continues to do so due to the wide range of empirical evidence that supports it. It is now the most universally accepted truth in relation to the origins of the universe. Accepting and agreeing on this truth allowed scientists to continue making further observations regarding our universe.

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FACT:

Proton and Neutron Collisions

FACT:

As the universe expanded temperatures began to cool causing protons and neutrons to collide

FiLCHeRS!!!

The light that had been unleashed during this process can be detected today as Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)

• Sufficency

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FACT:

CONCLUSION:

The acceptance of the big bang theory became less and less possible to ignore. The idea of it was based on more and more confirming/positive evidence as time went on and more re-testing was done. The self-correcting was not simply the absence of discomfiting evidence.

Corralaries, and all the rules, that relate to them were met.

Helium

Deuterium

Much of the deuterium combined. The combining deuterium created helium within the universe.

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Due to the colliding protons and neutrons deuterium was created, which is an isotope of helium.

Theory

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Big Bang

ESSCMO!!!

FACT:

observation:

theory:

• Empiricism

General Theory of Relativity (GTR)

The addition of this theory and law in conjuction with Hubble's law greatly increased the potential for knowledge to be gained from observable and measurable experiences.

CMBR Temperature

This was the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915. This theory refined Newton's law of universal gravitation. It provides a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time. This theory is the current description of gravitation in modern physics.

re-test:

ESSCMO!!!

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson

Determined that the temperature of CMBR was 2.7K.

• Self-correcting

In relation to hypothesis 1, this theory states the universe has a finite age and has evolved over time as it expands.

This theory and continued experimentation lead to further observations and kowledge regarding the universe

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Recombination

FiLCHeRS!!!

The process of correcting oneself had to begin to take place for scientists who believed this model. Based on the continuously incoming new information proving the model false, scientists should at some point refuse to reman stubborn.

can't stop!

won't stop!

LAW:

ESSCMO!!!

• Falsifiability
• Logic
• Honesty
• Replicability
• Sufficiency

In relation to the combination of this theory and these two laws, scientists maintain they they each hold logic, honesty, and sufficiency as defined within science.

In turn the combination of this theory and these two laws provides a strong sense of falsifibility and replicability. Moving forward with experimentation scientists have a method to replicate it, challenge results, and potentially falsify what may be found "true".

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Hubble's Law

• SKEPTICISM

States that the redshifts in the spectra of distant galaxies (and hence their speeds of recession) are proportional to their distance.

Every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers

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ESSCMO!!!

This ccurred about 380,000 years after the Big Bang Theory.

Matter cooled, allowing electrons to be absorbed, causing the universe to be transparent.

• Empiricism
• Critical Thinking

Both theoretical claims needed to be questioned and investigated rigourously before either could be accepted as true.

Hypothesis 1:

EMPIRICISM was able to be utilized due to Hubble's Law. It provided observable and measurable experiences for scientists to be used towards CRITICAL THINKING

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Scientists continue to retest the original experiment towards knowledge about our universe in order to achieve the same initial results or challenge them. They also attempt new testing methods to challenge or confirm things as well. For example, it was Edward Hubble who was able to first idefity the univese was expanding within the newly discovered Mount Wilson Observatory. Then in 1998, a new telescope was able to identify that the universe was expanding slower in the past compared to the present.

Other experiments/tests/missions were connected to each peace of the puzzle of explaning the origins of our universe, reaffirming old information and discovering new info. Missions such as these continue to this day to include:

DATA from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) which launched in 1989

DATA from the Wilkison Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) missions launched by NASA in 2001

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FACT:

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FACT:

FiLCHeRS!!!

All the matter in the universe was created in one moment at a particular time in the remote past.

• Logic
• Honesty
• Sufficiency

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Each was necessary in relation to using this law towards making observations

OBSERVATION:

Dark

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RESULTS:

First stars!

In relation to HUBBLE'S LAW, there was discovery of the cosmic microwave background and the relative abundances of light elements within space along with the realizing they could be MEASURED.

Ages

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The universe at the beginning was very small, and since then has expanded larger and larger to the size it is today. These results helped solidiy Georges Lemaître's first notes from 1927, suggesting that an expanding universe could be traced back to an originating single point.

This was the earliest and most direct observational evidence toward the expansion of the universe AND that the uiverse is MEASURABLE.

The first stars emerged approximately 400 million years after the initial "burst expansion", and was possible due to the age of re-ionization

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After the period of recombination, and before the very first star, there was a period of darkness scientists referred to as "the dark ages" that lasted approximately 20,000 years!

EXPERIMENTATIOn:

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FiLCHeRS!!!

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• Falsifiability

Observations:

TESTING was done towards both hypothesis using the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric.

This metric was an EXACT MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity in relation to both laws connected to it. It provided a mathematic and exact solution toward the expansion of our universe.

Using the FLRW metric in reverse/forward would "show" the universe "contracting". Observing the now measurable universe shrinking/expanding would allow us a sensible way of determining its origins.

DECEASED

THEORY:

QUESTION:

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Steady-State Model

RIVAL

A wide range of empirical evidence has strongly favored the Big Bang due to this theory continuing to not survive be falsifiabilty.

What is the origin of our universe?

FiLCHeRS!!!

• REPLICABILITY!

Hypothesis 2:

For every experiment (including the initial experimentation and all re-testing), the results of each study must be replicable, and they were. This allows other researchers to conduct the same research to either match the original findings or prove them false.

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the universe remains unchanged due to a continuous creation of matter.

In relation to Hypothesis 2, this theoretical model agreed from the experimentation/results that the universe was expanding, but that the calculations toward the universe having an "age" were unstable.

This theory states the universe does not change its appearance over time, has an infinite age, and the universe has no beginning and no end

observation:

Re-Ionization

ESSCMO!!!

• Multiple Working Hypotheses
• Occam's Razor

Multiple Working Hypotheses - Hypothesis 2 allowed for the continued practice of developing multiple hypothesis to investigate the same problem being studied.

Occam’s Razor - Hypothesis 2 makes less assumptions by assuming that although the universe is now measureable, the universe has just remained in a sort of constant "steady" state.

ESSCMO!!!

Fact?:

• Occam’s Razor

Clusters of gas began to collapse creating energetic events. These events caused ultraviolet light that destroyed the surrounding hydrogen gas. These things together both caused the universe to become transparent to ultraviolet light for the first time.

Dark energy

Dark Matter

This principle did not hold up in this case. Although the original hypothesis related to this theory made the least assumptions, it wasn't the correct one.

Dark matter and Dark energy remain two of the biggest mysteries. Currently it is thought to be some form of strange force that is responsible for pulling to cosmos apart. However, so far it is undetectable and elusive.

Perhaps the steady-state model wasn't so wrong after all? Maybe this goes right back to the instability of the original calculation they claimed was within the big bang theory?.

Perhaps we should continue on as we have? Refusing to self-correct it the issue related to this is caused from us being to stubborn to admit we are wrong about.

Or, perhaps we should start back at the original question that started it all and begin again?

The Scientific process continues...

THEORY:

observation:

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NEW!

Our solar system Creation: Solar Nebula theory

Our Solar System's Birth

The gravity was so intense it forced the Nebula to collapse which caused the Nebula to spin faster, which eventually flattened it into a disk shape. The sun was formed from all the shrapnel materal caused by the Nebula and pulled it towards the center of our solar syatem.

Will this leading theory continue to survive falifiabilty over time?

The scientific process continues...

Question:

Through the combined information of everything learned along the way regarding our universe, our solar system is believed to be approximately 4.6 billion years old. It's birthday was about 9 billion years after the "Big Bang"

NEW!

How exactly did our specific solar system begin?

Hypothesis:

NEW!

The sun and the solar system were believed to have been created from a huge spinning cloud of dust and, gas.

Mind Map

Key Definitions

Map Key

Anahi Salazar

Maria Watkins

Bailee Massey

Eric Webster

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Law - In science, a descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances.

Fact - In science, an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and for all practical purposes is accepted as “true.” Truth in science, however, is never final and what is accepted as a fact today may be modified or even discarded tomorrow

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Theory - In science, a well-substantiated explanation through experimentation of some aspect of the natural world. It incorporates facts, laws, and tested hypotheses.

Leads to -

Connected to -

ESSCMO -

FiLCHeRS -

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