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Everything we know and love is made of matter.
"Matter" is anything that takes up space or has mass.
The word "matter" is only a general term to describe everything that exists in the known universe.
Of the 92 natural elements, 25 are essential for life.
Of those 25, only 4 make up 96% of living matter:
Trace elements are those that are required for life, but are
only necessary in small quanities.
However, if essentail elements aren't present, organisms will suffer from disease.
The properties of elements are dependent on the structure of the atoms.
Isotopes:
Energy:
Energy is the capacity to cause change. It exists in two possible states.
The volatility of elements is dependent on their number of valence electrons.
Covalent bonds:
With covalent bonding comes electronegativity.
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Electronegativity is the attraction of one atom to the electrons in a covalent bond.
Atoms with high electronegativity pull shared electrons with more strength.
Bonds between two atoms of different electronegativities are "polar-covalent bonds"
Ionic Bonds:
Ions come in two varieties:
Hydrogen Bonds:
Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds and lead to changes in the composition of matter
Examples of chemical reactions include photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Also
Matter
atoms
Elements and Compounds
Organels
Cells
etc.
The energy possessed by an atom's electrons vary in relation to the electron's distance from the nucleus
Protons and neutrons make up
an atom's nucleus, while electrons
orbit in the "electron cloud."
Elements differ in their number of subatomic particles:
Double covalent bond (two pairs of shared electrons)
Single covalent bond (one pair of shared electrons)
Energy
In a non-polar covalent bond, two atoms with similar electronegativities share electrons equally.
Because water is very electronegative, one end of the molecule has a slight negative charge that repels the slightly positive hydrogen molecules.
Kinetic energy: energy of motion
Potential energy: the energy that matter possesses because of location or structure
Thus, an ionic bond is an attraction between an anion and a cation.