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"If these experiments will be of any help to humanity, then I am in favor of them being used as needed."

"I think that the data collected in experiments conducted on us should by all means be used, since there were a variety of methods used, and I am certain that the data can be very beneficial to today's doctor."

"It appears that, at least in some cases, there was an attempt to induce illness by injecting bacteria and then an attempt to cure these illnesses, that is to say, we served as laboratory animals in the hands of the criminal, Mengele, and this type of research should of course be made available to the world."

"I wore a number in Dachau. I have two Belgian friends who went through the procedures of Dr. Rascher ... I see no reason why the results obtained should not be used for further research."

—Unnamed concentration-camp survivors

Results (cont'd)

  • Is publishing the results of human experimentation ethical?

  • Seidleman argues using the research conducted for good puts medical knowledge over the value of life.

  • Discusses that medicine tolerates too much evil in research. Questions the ends justifying the means.

Hippocratic Oath

(Seidleman, 1988)

Results of the Medical Experimentation

Dr.Mengele

  • Spent 21 months in Auschwitz.
  • Played games with the children and gave them candy.
  • Known to have OCD and to be a perfectionist.

Otto Bickenbach lead much of the research with chemical warfare on concentration camp prisoners.

Bickenbach researched phosgene and killed most of the people who he exposed.

Dr. August Hirt experimented with mustard gas injuries of the skin.

What happened?

I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement:

To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art; and that by my teaching, I will impart a knowledge of this art to my own sons, and to my teacher's sons, and to disciples bound by an indenture and oath according to the medical laws, and no others.

I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.

I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.

But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.

In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or men, be they free or slaves.

All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.

If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all humanity and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my life.

______________________________________________________________________

  • Dr.Mengele became involved in helping Hilter produce the 'master race'.
  • Spared any set of twins from execution to conduct

research.

  • Over 1,000 twins were selected for experiments.
  • 200 were alive when Auschwitz was liberated

in 1945.

Quote

  • Infected individuals with unidentified germs and various infectious agents.
  • Sent more than 200 blood samples to colleague to test for presence of enzymes.

(Baader, Lederer, Low, Schmaltz, & Schwerin, 2005)

  • The Nazi party took power in 1933 and began leading the world in biomedical research.
  • German doctors became involved in mass murder while performing ethically and scientifically questionable research such as:
  • Attempting to create a 'master race'
  • Forcing sterilization on over 400,000 people.
  • Attempting to change eye color.
  • Chemical warfare experimentation.
  • Genetic research.

“What needs to be published and studied today is not the “scientific” data from the experiments but a recounting of the consequences of ethical compromise where human life and dignity become secondary to personal, professional, scientific, and political goals.”

(Seidleman, 1988, p. 232)

Table of Contents

  • What happened?
  • Dr. Mengele
  • Results of the medical experimentation
  • The changes that have come from this ethical dilemma:
  • Hippocratic Oath
  • Nuremberg Trials
  • Informed Consent

Informed Consent

References

Annas, G., & Grodin, M. (2007). Physicians and torture: lessons from the nazi doctors.

International Review of the Red Cross, 89(867), 635-654.

Baader, G., Lederer, S. I., Low, M., Schmaltz, F., & Schwerin, A. V. (2005). Pathways to Human

Experimentation, 1933-1945: Germany, Japan, and the United States. Chicago Journals:

History of Science Society, 205-231.

Evelyne Shuster, P. (1997). Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code. The

New England Journal of Medicine, 1436-1440.

Gailliard, T. (2011, 11 15). Code of Ethics for Medical Doctors. Retrieved from eHow health.

Jay Katz, M. (1996). The Nuremberg Code and the Nuremberg Trial. JAMA, 276; 1662-1666.

Muller-Hill, B. (2001). Genetics of susceptibility to tuberculosis: Mengele's experiments in

Auschwitz. MacMillin Magazine Ltd, 2(1), 631-634.

Seidleman, W. E. (1988). Mengele Medicus: Medicine's Nazi Heritage. Milbank Memorial

Fund, 66(2), 221-239.

The Nuremberg Code. (1949). Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremburg Military

Tribunals under Control Council Law No.10, Vol.2, pp. 181-182. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

Government Printing Office.

Questions?

Medical Experimentation in Nazi Concentration Camps

Kimberly Kolanowski

Kimberly Patro

Teresa Williams

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