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NanoSponges

Nanotechnology is defined as "anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties."

There are 4 generations of nanotechnology:

What Does a Nanosponge Do?

Intramolecular

Covalent

Covalent bonds are also in Lactic Acid due to the polarized bonds .

-The more polar molecules are pulling the less polar molecules resulting in a sharing of the electrons

-The bonds do not consist of any metals

-Lactic acid conducts electricity

Nanotechnology

Nanosponges are a microscopic particle that enter the bloodstream and safely remove dangerous toxins from the body such as MRSA, snake venom, E.coli etc. (they attack any toxin that can poke a hole in a red blood cell).

-When these toxins poke a hole into a red blood cell, the RBC's burst into pieces and continue along bloodstream. This can affect other red blood cells in the bloodstream.

-That is why nanosponges disguise themselves as red blood cells and when the toxins try to attack the nanosponges the toxins will become detained or preoccupied.

-Nanosponges then enter the liver and remove themselves from the body.

-Nanosponges are usually applied topically with a gel called nanosponge hydrogel (made of nanosponges and water and polymers).

Composition

-The center of the nanosponge is lactic acid (a compound produced when glucose is broken down and oxidized). It essentially holds the nanosponge together .

-The outside is a red blood cell membrane. This is so it can be disguised as a red blood cell, thus the body will not attack it.

- On the outside of the red blood cell membrane, are bound toxins (collected in the human body).

Intermolecular:

Chemical Composition of Nanosponge

Nanosponge and it's Affect on Society and Health and Environmental Concerns

Biocompatible core

(Usually Lactic Acid)

Nanosponges have not had a huge impact on our society just yet, as they are working towards actually testing them on humans. Thus far they have tested it on mice.

If nanosponges ever do make it far enough to be used as a treatment for humans, it should have a huge impact on society:

- People don't need to be worried about harmful toxins making them very sick or causing death.

-More health /better health for our communities.

-Easy cure for harmful toxins .

-Since nanosponges are disguised as as red blood cells, there is not a huge risk in the body having an immune response to them-causing further problems.

-Nanosponges could also be used for foreign particles- when doctors have no idea what toxin has entered the body.

-They don't consist of antibiotics so therefore, the bacteria cannot become resistant.

Health and Environmental Concerns

Bound Toxins

Red blood cell

segments

Since the nanosponges have not been tested on humans we don't know the exact health concerns but the main health concern would be the placement of the nanosponge in the body -a foreign particle to the body:

"It truly is a foreign body that you're going to be putting in the human body," said Dave Rasko, an assistant professor at Institute for Genome Sciences at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, in Baltimore "You always have opportunity for there to be some kind of an immune response to that."

Sources

No enviromental concerns at the moment as the nanosponge deals with the human body not the environment.

Hydrogen Bonding:

An attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule.

-Hydrogen bonding occurs with molecules that are highly electronegative such as oxygen or fluorine. Oxygen is in lactic acid.

Like Dissolves with Like:

-Polar molecules dissolve with polar molecules.

-Hydrogen bonding can occurs within this

molecule is because H20 is polar and lactic acid is polar-this results in why it is soluble in water.

Producing Nanosponges

Labios, L. (2015, May 18). UC San Diego News Center. Retrieved November 10, 2016, from http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/gel_filled_with_nanosponges_cleans_up_mrsa_infections

Fang, R. H., Hu, C. J., & Zang, L. (2012). Nanoparticles disguised as red blood cells to evade the immune system. San Diego, California: University of California.

Richard Feynman, a renowned physicist envisioned the idea of nanotechnology in 1959

"I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other which are manufacturing simultaneously... The principles of physics as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big"-Richard Feynman.

-Popularized in the 1980's by K Eric Drexler, he wanted to build machines as small as a molecule.

-Took a long time for the public to be able to visualize nanotechnology but eventually they came to accept it. The U.S National Nanotechnology Initiative was created to be able to fund nanotechnology.

1. Blood is drawn from a specific patient.

2. The blood is then processed and nanoscale vesicles are derived from RBC membranes .

3. Then these nano vesicles are used to coat the outside of the lactic acid core. 1 red blood cell can be used to coat 3000 nanosponges.

4. The nanosponges are then mixed with a nanosponge hydro - gel and applied topically the patient.

Each nanosponge has a diameter of 85 nanometres and is made of a bio compatible polymer core wrapped in segments of red blood cell membranes.

Bio compatible polymers: "Plastics" that are tolerated by a living organism and do not produce a response from the immune system.

-Intended to evaluate, treat or replace any organ or tissue in the human body.

-A polymer can only be considered "bio compatible" if the polymer does not react with the body.

Lactic Acid. (n.d.). Retrieved November 10, 2016, from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/lactic_acid#section=KEGG--Additive

Lactic Acid: The Base of a Nanosponge

J. (2016). The Four Intermolecular Forces and How They Affect Boiling Points. Retrieved November 10, 2016, from http://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2010/10/01/how-intermolecular-forces-affect-boiling-points/

Lactic Acid -Polarity and Properties

All of these substances are derived from the human body.

Accept for the hydro gel: Water and polymers

Gel filled with nanosponges cleans up MRSA infections. (2015, May 19). Retrieved November 10, 2016, from http://www.nextbigfuture.com/2015/05/gel-filled-with-nanosponges-cleans-up.html

Overuse of Muscles Does Cause Pain - pain.com. (2016, February 18). Retrieved November 10, 2016, from http://pain.com/archives/2016/10/18-overuse-muscles-pain/

-Lactic acid is a compound that is produced naturally by the human body.

-Lactic acid is most commonly produced during exercise when your body uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy.

- The lack of oxygen available to complete the process can cause a lactic acid build up in the blood stream which can be very common.

Ren, J. (2010). Biodegradable Poly (Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Modification, Processing and Applications. Retrieved November 10, 2016, from https://books.google.ca/books?id=JC-zMTB8YVIC&printsec=copyright&source=gbs_pub_info_r#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.insidescience.org/news/nanosponges-sop-bloodstream-toxins

The Future of NanoSponges

T

-High melting point (due to the strong bond) 16.8 degrees C.

-Pi bond (harder to break then a sigma).

-Due to the high polarity of lactic acid, it causes a high boiling point (122 Degrees C).

-The high polarity also leads to a greater charge which leads to greater intermolecular attractions.

-Soluble in water because they are both polar.

-Conducts electricity-polarity and covalent bond

Polarity of Lactic Acid

-Used on the human body to soak up toxins quickly.

-Scientists think that it will be good for the army- as it can quickly treat bacteria infections and other harmful viruses that are going around.

-Tested recently for oil spills- they absorb oil well.

IUPAC NAME: 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid

Lactic acid is very polar. Hydrogen bonds form from the oxygen of the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on lactic acid.

Intermolecular Forces:

Will Nanosponges be Replaced In the Future?

Currently nanosponges are the future of medicine.

- If they test nanosponges on humans and the body completely resists them, there will most likely be something else that will replace them.

Dipole - Dipole: Attractive forces between the partially positive end of one molecule and the partially negative end of another molecule.

Polar properties of the hydroxyl and carboxyl group cause strong dipole-dipole forces.

-Lactic Acid can mix with water because of this.

-Also the very small surface area allows more dipole-dipole compounds.

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