PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
It is a method for amplifying segments of DNA, by duplicating multiple copies using DNA polymerase enzymes.
As little as a single copy of the DNA segment or gene can be cloned into millions of copies.
Restriction Enzymes
Uses: it is used for DNA cloning, DNA sequencing, and recombinant DNA technology in the research laboratories.
Importance of PCR in Biotechnology:-
Polymerase chain reaction is of vital importance in biotechnology. It can be used for the diagnosis of diseases like AIDS, middle ear infection, tuberculosis,etc. PCR identifies those microorganisms which are responsible for causing these diseases.
Gel Electrophores
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Gel electrophoresis is used to separate macromolecules like DNA, RNA and proteins. DNA fragments are separated according to their size. Proteins can be separated according to their size and their charge.
How are DNA fragments separated using gel electrophoresis?
A solution of DNA molecules is placed in a gel. Because each DNA molecule is negatively charged, it can be pulled through the gel by an electric field. Small DNA molecules move more quickly through the gel than larger DNA molecules.
The result is a series of ‘bands’, with each band containing DNA molecules of a particular size. The bands furthest from the start of the gel contain the smallest fragments of DNA. The bands closest to the start of the gel contain the largest DNA fragments.
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED
VIDEO: http://www.biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/dna_lab/video_clips/gel_electrophoresis_visualising_and_interpreting_the_results_v0085