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Quotes about logic
*Logic is the art of going wrong with confidence.
Joseph Wood Krutch.
*Logic: an instrument used for bolstering a prejudice.
Elbert Hubbard
*It is always better to say right out what you think without trying to prove anything much: for all our proofs are only variations of our opinions, and the contrary-minded listen neither to one nor the other.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
*Most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.
James Harvey Robinson
*Logic is neither a science nor an art, but a dodge.
Benjamin Jowett
*Logic, like whiskey, loses its beneficial effect when taken in too large quantities.
Lord Dunsany
Metalogic
metalogic is the study of the metatheory of logic. Whereas logic studies how logical systems can be used to construct valid and sound arguments, metalogic studies the properties of logical systems.
The basic objects of metalogical study are formal languages, formal systems, and their interpretations.
This document contains observations on the uses and misuses of logic, particularly in the sciences. Along the way we'll wander into the murky realms of absolute and proximate truths, deduction and induction and address the question of how we can have confidence in knowledge that is less than perfect.
*Logic
*Metalogic
*Fuzzy
*Quantum Logic
*Boolean logic
This diagram shows the relations between facts, laws, and theories, and the role of induction and deduction. It will take on more meaning as this essay progresses.
fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the usual "true or false"
quantam logic
quantum logic is a set of rules for reasoning about propositions that takes the principles of quantum theory into account
Boolean Logic
Boolean logic is a form of algebra in which all values are reduced to either TRUE or FALSE. Boolean logic is especially important for computer science because it fits nicely with the binary numbering system, in which each bit has a value of either 1 or 0.
* Fact. An isolated piece of information about nature. It can be simply a measurement. Sometimes related facts are called "data".
*Hypothesis. A proposition about nature that is testable, but not yet tested to the point of general acceptance.
* Law. A statement describing how some phenomenon of nature behaves. Laws are generalizations from data. They express regularities and patterns in the data. A law is usually limited in scope, to describe a particular process of nature.
* Theory. A model (usually mathematical) that links and unifies a broader range of phenomena, and that links and synthesizes the laws that describe those phenomena. In science we do not grant an idea the status of theory until its consequences have been very well tested and are generally accepted as correct by knowledgeable scientists. This meaning is very different from colloquial use of the word.
The term "logic" refers to the science that studies the principles of correct reasoning. Logic requires the act of reasoning by humans in order to form thoughts and opinions, as well as classifications and judgments. The foundation of a logical argument is its proposition, or statement. The proposition is either accurate (true) or not accurate (false). The argument is then built on premises. The premises are the propositions used to build the argument. Then an inference is made from the premises. Finally, a conclusion is drawn.
log·ic
ˈläjik/Submit
noun;
reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity.
"experience is a better guide to this than deductive logic"
Basics
Suppose you tried to play a game in which the rules were arbitrary: each individual could set their own and could change them anytime. I doubt that you would want to play this game for very long. Most of us would rather play games that have a fixed set of rules that do not change during play. Logic is fundamentally a set of rules that we agree to use in our discussions. It is more than that, but that aspect of it will be of great help in our discussions and our thinking.