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Breast Cancer

Breast cancer involves a malignant tumour that starts in the cells of the breast. The term malignant refers to the fact the tumour cells can spread, or metastasize, to other parts of the body. There are many types of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a chronic disease.

Managing Breast Cancer

Cancer is without a doubt one of the most talked about, researched, and dreaded diseases of all time. It has killed millions of people worldwide and there is still no cure. There are people that work their entire lives looking for a cure and they are still unsuccessful. Cancer can affect everyone, from infants, children, adults, and seniors. Breast cancer, specifically, will have affected about 24 400 women in Canada and will have killed 5 000 in 2014. On average, 67 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every day and 14 Canadian women will die every day. It is estimated that 1 in 9 Canadian women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime and 1 in 30 will die from it. The thought of trying to manage a disease this large and widespread is daunting and it can be difficult to fathom exactly what can be done. There are multiple risk factors associated with breast cancer that are known for certain, these include personal history of breast cancer, family history of breast and other cancers, dense breasts, Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, exposure to ionizing radiation, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, atypical hyperplasia, alcohol, being obese, high socio-economic status, and tall adult height. Many of these factors cannot be changed or altered to prevent the risk of developing breast cancer. Therefore, it is difficult to manage breast cancer seeing as the risk factors are difficult to control. For instance, family history of cancer and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry cannot be changed at all. So, how can breast cancer be controlled? The only possible thing is the cure. Finding a cure is the only way to lower the mortality rate of breast cancer and possibly lower the number of cases.

Most often, breast cancer starts in the cells that line the ducts, which are the tubes that carry milk from the glands to the nipple. Cancer can also start in the cells of the lobules, which is where the milk is made. The less common types of breast cancer include inflammatory breast cancer, Paget disease of the nipple and triple negative and basal-like breast cancers. Rare types of breast cancer include non-Hodgkin lymphoma and sarcoma. Like all cancer, each breast cancer patient is affected differently. Some signs and symptoms of breast cancer are: a lump in the breast (most common first sign), a lump in the armpit, changes in breast shape or size, skin changes of the breast, and nipple changes. There are also some signs and symptoms that indicate a more progressed cancer, these include: bone pain, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, jaundice, buildup of fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion), headache, double vision, and muscle weakness. One of the most difficult aspects of cancer is the fact that the treatment also makes women feel uncomfortable and sick. There are multiple treatment options for breast cancer, however they are not always successful. One of the most common treatments is a mastectomy, in which the breast in removed completely. This can be both traumatizing and painful for the patient. However, it is also the most successful method of treating breast cancer, especially in the early stages. Other treatment options include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy, bisphosphonates, and many follow-up treatments. Many of these treatment options are taxing for the body and sometimes, they do not work. There is no cure for cancer. It is completely viable to say that a women with breast cancer may never recover and will have to live with it for the rest of her life - however long it may be. Learning that you have cancer can be one of the most shocking things for anyone to hear. Due to the fact there is no cure for cancer and that there is such a high mortality rate, the shock of learning you have cancer can be too much for some people. It is something that forever changes a life and it cannot be undone.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is inflammation of lungs caused by a bacterial or viral infection, in which both air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation can affect both lungs, one lung, or just certain lobes.

Pneumonia is an infectious disease.

Managing Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a disease that is entirely treatable. The severity of cases range from just taking antibiotics to being hospitalized with a serious case. Some common symptoms of pneumonia include a cough (with some pneumonias you may cough up greenish or yellow mucus, or even bloody mucus), fever (mild or high), shaking chills, and shortness of breath. There are also some additional symptoms that may not occur for everyone but are still quite common. Some of these symptoms are sharp or stabbing chest pain

that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough,

headache, excessive sweating, clammy skin, loss

of appetite, low energy, fatigue, and confusion

(especially in older people). The symptoms of

pneumonia can vary depending on whether the

specific case is viral or bacterial. Initially, the

symptoms of viral pneumonia are similar to the

flu, for example, a fever, a dry cough, headache, muscle pain, and weakness. Then, within 12 to 36 hours, the symptoms worsen; there is increasing breathlessness, the cough becomes worse and produces a small amount of mucus, there is a high fever and there may be blueness of the lips. If you have bacterial pneumonia, your temperature can rise as high as 105 degrees F. There also may be profuse sweating, along with increased breathing and pulse. The lips and nail beds may turn bluish due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. Also, this pneumonia can affect the mental state, causing a person to be confused or delirious.

Pneumonia has been around for a long time and it is not considered a serious threat to the health of a large population. However, pneumonia can have serious symptoms and has the potential to cause death. Therefore, some measures need to be taken to ensure that the casualty rate remains low. The treatment of your pneumonia depends on the type of your pneumonia, the severity, and the existence of other chronic diseases. It is possible to treat pneumonia at home by drinking plenty of fluids to

help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm, getting lots of rest, not

taking cough medicines without first talking to your doctor (may make

it harder for your body to cough up the extra sputum), and controlling

your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs,

such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or acetaminophen. However, if you have

another serious medical problem, have severe symptoms, are unable to

care for yourself at home, are unable to eat or drink, are older than 65 or

a young child, or have been taking antibiotics at home and are not

getting better, then you might be admitted to the hospital for treatment.

You may receive fluids and antibiotics in your veins, oxygen therapy, and possibly breathing treatments to help cure your pneumonia. Government agencies do not have to do much to control the spread of pneumonia. Pneumonia is spread by an infected person when they sneeze or cough. Therefore, limiting the contact they have with healthy people and allowing them to focus on recovery should ensure that the disease does not spread too far. Moreover, if someone in a large family is infected, the doctor knows there is a chance of the pneumonia spreading to the other family members. The doctor can look for the early symptoms and help cure the pneumonia of the family members at an early stage.

Air Pollution

Air pollution can be defined as the presence of or introduction of a substance into the air that is harmful or poisonous. Some common air pollutants include carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur dioxide.

Air pollutants are environmental factors.

Air pollution is a global problem and does not affect people individually, instead it negatively impacts the entire global population. Carbon dioxide is the main pollutant responsible for the greenhouse gas effect and polluting the earth. Though it is produced by living things, carbon dioxide is considered a pollutant when it is added to the atmosphere by human activities, like burning fossil fuels. Another greenhouse gas is methane which comes from swamps, gas emitted by livestock, and chlorofluorocarbons. A third main greenhouse gas is sulfur dioxide, a component of smog and cause of acid rain. The effect of these greenhouse gases is creating a serious problem that affects all people. Sulfur dioxide had the ability to prevent heat from the Sun from warming the planet. Recently, people have learned of this and have succeeded in lowering the amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. However, this creates the problem of too much heat getting into the atmosphere which is grossly amplified by the presence of other greenhouse gases, which trap the heat in the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is causing the temperature of the earth to rise. This increased temperature has a detrimental impact on the earth, it causes decreased snow, sea ice and glacier coverage, resulting in rising sea levels and increased coastal flooding; thawing permafrost in the Arctic; increased frequency and severity of storms and heat waves; and the difficulty of many wild species to adapting to a warmer climate, resulting in greater stress from diseases and invasive species.

Controlling the Amount of Air Pollution

Air pollution, along with all kinds of pollution, have earned global attention. This means that many people are aware of the problem and are working towards finding a solution. By now, the majority people have realized that humans must lessen their carbon footprint - the amount of carbon we are responsible for putting into the environment. Individually, this can be done by driving and flying less, recycling, and conservation. In terms of governments agencies working toward this, they are taking measures to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released into the environment. One example of this currently is the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement between numerous countries where they agree to cut back on the emission of carbon dioxide. Another method for governments is to put taxes on carbon emissions and higher taxes on gasoline. This gives people and companies an incentive to produce less air pollution. When all people take part, the amount of greenhouse gases released into the environment will decrease greatly.

Governments have the ability to take a stand in order to control chemical pollution. There are many ways in which the government can help its citizens manage this environmental factor. One way is to start an initiative in which only compost is used as fertilizer. Moreover, they can provide incentives for people who buy natural pesticides that are not as harmful for the environment. An example of this is using citronella oil in order to prevent mosquito bites. In addition, governments can encourage citizens to use cleaning agents that are reduced in in chemical potency and are instead biodegradable and environment-friendly. Furthermore, programs that ensure farmers do not use as many pesticides, fungicides, or weedkillers should be started. Additionally, the government can pass laws that prohibit the dumping of toxic chemicals into bodies of water or onto seemingly deserted land. The fines for this can be increased to ensure that the law is upheld and the environment is not polluted with chemicals. Finally, governments can push for increased safety at factories and plants in order to prevent as many chemical leaks and spills as possible.

Due to the fact that chemical pollutants are environmental factors, they do not affect individual people but rather affect the entire population. Chemical pollution is most commonly caused by industrial waste, accidents in chemical factories, excessive use of fertilizers, use of pesticides, release of gaseous pollutants into the air, and the pollution caused by dust. All these causes have consequences to the human and non-human populations nearby. Heavy metals (lead, mercury) sometime make their way into water and they are harmful to living things. Therefore, they harm the aquatic ecosystems and make the water undrinkable for humans. Moreover, leaks from chemical factories can release toxic materials into the environment, killing humans or giving them different ailments (cancer). Fertilizers can also leak chemicals into water bodies, thereby contaminating water sources for all water-reliant species nearby. Additionally, chemicals in pesticides have also been found to be toxic; these substances are not biodegradable and so they can build up in animals, soil, and humans. Many factories are responsible for releasing pollutants into the atmosphere, which can cause a variety of diseases. Persons exposed to CO, CO2, SO2, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter suffer from headache, dizziness, irritation of the eyes and nose, allergies, chest pain and many respiratory disorders. Lastly, dust pollution can cause a number of respiratory diseases, like pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, siderosis, asthma, and tuberculosis.

Controlling Chemical Pollution

Chemical pollutants are environmental factors.

Chemical pollution is when certain, toxic compounds are left in or are disposed of in the environment.These chemicals can disrupt the processes of the ecosystems. There are two types of pollutants: organic and inorganic. Organic chemical pollutants are chemicals are organic origin that can be produced by living organisms or are based on matter produced by organisms. Inorganic chemical pollutants are chemicals of mineral origin (not produced by living organisms.)

Chemical Pollutants

There are 5 main types of hepatitis and they can affect individuals in different ways. Hepatitis A is present in feces of contaminated people and is most often passed through contaminated food or water, along with certain sex practices. Most infections are mild, but they can be deadly. There are vaccines available for hepatitis A. Hepatitis B is passed through infected blood, semen , or other bodily fluids. It is the most prevalent strain of hepatitis and most people infected fully recover. There is a vaccine for this type of hepatitis. Hepatitis C is mostly passed through exposure to infected blood. This mostly happens through use of contaminated needles. This type of hepatitis can also be passed through sexual contact, but it not as common. There is no available vaccine for hepatitis C. Hepatitis D is occurs only in those who are infected with hepatitis B. The dual infection can result in serious implications, however the hepatitis B vaccine can prevent against hepatitis D, Hepatitis E is mostly transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food or water. It is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing countries, it is an important cause of death. There is a vaccine but it is not widely available.

Hepatitis and its many types is a major concern. Hepatitis kills about 1.4 million people each year. According to WHO, hepatitis remains largely unknown or ignored. Therefore, governments need to take measures to control the spread of hepatitis. Although there are vaccines for all but hepatitis C, there is still a high infection rate of the disease. Hepatitis is a cause for major concern in developing countries where there is no real sanitation standard, which makes it easier to transmit diseases, including hepatitis. Moreover, safer sex practices must be upheld to reduce the risk of contracting any type of hepatitis. In addition, the vaccines of hepatitis need to become more widely available, especially in third-world countries where there are poor health care systems. It is clear that government agencies need to work to reduce the spread of hepatitis by focusing on poorer countries and increasing the availability of hepatitis vaccines.

Controlling the Disease

Hepatitis is an infectious disease.

Hepatitis is a disease that is characterized by the inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-containing, however, hepatitis can also progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. The five main types of hepatitis are referred to as types A, B, C, D, and E.

Hepatitis

Cardiovascular Disease

Heart and blood vessel disease can also be called heart disease, and it includes numerous problems involving atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis develops when a substance, plaque, builds up in the wall of the arteries, which narrows the arteries, making it more difficult for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it can prevent blood flow. This can possibly cause a heart attack or stroke.

Cardiovascular Disease is a chronic disease.

Possible Treatment

Managing the Threat

Treatment

Disease

Heart Valve Problems

  • Medications
  • Heart Valve Surgery

Arrhythmia

  • Medications
  • Pacemaker
  • Cardiac Defibrillation

Cardiovascular disease affects all individuals differently. Due to the range

of different types of cardiovascular disease, every person deals with it differently. Some may survive and have many happy, normal years to live. Others may survive, but must spend their lives taking medication and avoiding strenuous activity. Others still may become paralyzed after a stroke - one type of cardiovascular disease, and their lives will never be "normal" again. Moreover, cardiovascular disease can be fatal and there are some who do not survive the chronic illness.

Cardiovascular disease is caused primarily by atherosclerosis, which, in turn, is caused by things like an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight, and smoking. Other cardiovascular diseases can be caused by birth defects, high blood pressure, diabetes, excessive use of alcohol or caffeine, drug abuse, stress, and even some medications. Therefore, it can be difficult to manage this threat. Some of the only possible things for the government to do is the promote healthy living, prohibit smoking, and possibly create more restrictions on alcohol consumption. These things will not solve the problem, however they will help in lessening the impact of the threat. On the other hand, many of these acts will be met with outright opposition since people tend to feel strongly about smoking and drinking.

Heart Attack

  • Medications
  • Coronary Angioplasty
  • Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Stroke

  • Medications
  • Carotid Endarterectomy

As stated earlier, osteoporosis is a disease that affects a number of Canadians. Therefore, it would only make sense for agencies to help citizens manage the chronic disease.There are multiple known risk factors for developing osteoporosis. These include being over 65 years old, long term use of glucocorticoids, having rheumatoid arthritis or other disorders strongly associated with rapid bone loss and/or fracture, being a smoker, high alcohol intake, low body weight, and major weight loss. By identifying people as fitting into one of these at risk groups, agencies can help reduce their risk of developing osteoporosis. It is possible to prevent, delay, or reduce bone loss through living a healthy lifestyle. Most people can reduce their risk of developing osteoporosis with regular exercise or physical activity. Calcium supplements or a calcium-rich diet are also helpful in improving healthy bone development. In addition, vitamin D is also essential for bone development because it supports the body's ability to absorb calcium. Government agencies can help manage the threat of osteoporosis by identifying individuals who fall into the at-risk categories and helping them improve their bone health.

Osteoporosis is a disease where bone loss occurs more rapidly than normal, this causes the bones to become weak and fragile over time. Osteoporosis is more common among older people, however, it can affect people of all ages. When the bones are weakened by osteoporosis, simple movements, like bending over to pick up groceries, can cause fractures. The most common places for these fractures to occur are in the hip, shoulder, wrist, or spine. The Public Heath Agency of Canada estimated that approximately 1.5 million Canadians aged over 40 have osteoporosis. Of these people, women were 4 times more likely to develop osteoporosis than men. Osteoporosis is considered a silent disease because there are no symptoms of early bone loss. People with osteoporosis do not generally even realize they have the disease until the later stages. It is when the bone mass has deteriorated that symptoms

become noticeable. Some common

symptoms of the later stages of

osteoporosis include back pain, loss

of height over time, a stooped posture,

and bone fractures that occur much

more easily than expected. Once

osteoporosis sets in, it is not entirely

possible to reverse the deterioration of

the bones.

Managing the Disease

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease.

Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterized by low bone mass and the deterioration of bone tissue. This leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture. Osteoporosis is a bone disease.

Osteoporosis

Radiation exposure is a major concern due the fact that is has serious health consequences. Not only can it cause cancer, it has a strong likelihood of contributing to a person's death. Therefore, government agencies have a responsibility to their citizens to manage radiation exposure. One way for them to do this is to prohibit the expulsion of radiation. They must pass laws that limit the amount of radiation that can be released into the environment. In addition, nuclear power plants are notorious for producing mass amounts of radiation. Therefore, the safety laws for nuclear power plants should be continuously reviewed and updated in order to ensure maximum safety for the people in the surrounding area. Also, there are certain types of medical practices that release radiation. If people are being administered those practices, they should be informed of the radiation risks. This will allow people to make truly sound decisions regarding their own health.

The main health concerns of radiation arise from the fact that the body does try and repair the damage caused by radiation on its tissues. However, sometimes the damage is of a nature that cannot be repaired or it is too severe and widespread to be repaired. Also, occasionally there are mistakes made in the natural repair process that lead to cancerous cells. In general, the effect of the radiation on one's health depends on the amount and duration of the radiation. There are two main types of health effects caused by radiation: stochastic and non-stochastic. Stochastic effects are related to low-level, long-term radiation exposure . Increased levels of exposure make these health effects more like to occur but do not affect the type or severity of the diagnosis. Cancer is the considered the primary health concern of radiation exposure; other stochastic health effects include genetic mutations caused by changes in the DNA that can be passed on to offspring. Non-stochastic health effects appear in the case of high-level exposure to radiation and they become more severe as the exposure continues. Health effects from acute radiation appear quickly, usually. These effects include burns and radiation sickness. Radiation sickness can cause premature aging or even death; the symptoms include nausea, weakness, hair loss, skin burns, or diminished organ function.

Managing Radiation Exposure

Radiation is an environmental factor.

Radiation can be described as the ionizing radiation produced by radioactive materials that decay spontaneously. Ionizing radiation has enough radiation to remove electrons from their atoms or to break chemical bonds. Any tissue in the human body can be damaged by radiation in a unique way.

Radiation

Controlling Famine

Famine

Famine has dire consequences on a population. It is a blatantly obvious fact that humans depend on enough food and water for survival. When there is not enough food to feed entire populations, there is much suffering. UNICEF describes malnutrition as not just a lack of food, but also insufficient protein, energy and micronutrients, frequent infections or disease, poor care and feeding practices, inadequate health services and unsafe water and sanitation. Malnutrition affects every part of the body and results in increased vulnerability to illness, increased complications, and even death. Malnutrition can also lead to reduced ability to fight infection, inactivity, reduced ability to work or self-care, impaired wound healing, inability to regulate salt and fluid leading to dehydration or over-hydration, apathy, depression, introversion, self-neglect, reduced fertility, and impaired temperature regulation leading to hypothermia.

“The world produces enough food to feed every man, woman and child on earth. Hunger and malnutrition therefore are not due to lack of food alone, but are also the consequences of poverty, inequality and misplaced priorities.” (UNICEF Deputy Executive Director, Kul C. Gautam) Famine is usually caused by things like war, conflict, or natural disaster. It very rarely occurs in regions of the world with stable conditions. Instead, it is present in places like Somalia, which has been wracked with conflict for more than two decades. Government agencies would have to work very hard to resolve famine in large regions. Agencies must work to implement or expand nutrition, water, sanitation, hygiene, and health care. With these improved services, the amount of famine will decrease. There are organizations, like International Medical Corps, that go to regions suffering from famine and work to implement new services, They set up camps and effectively deliver nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, mental health and reproductive health services to the most vulnerable.

According to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Reference Table (the standard used by the UN), famine occurs when the following conditions occur: 20 percent of population has fewer than 2,100 kilocalories of food a day, 30 percent of children are acutely malnourished, and there are two deaths per 10,000 people, or four deaths per 10,000 children per day.

Famine is an environment factor.

Impacts of Threats to Public Health

Controlling the Threat

There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Each type diabetes has a different effect on an individual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body attacks the and kills the beta cells in pancreas; no, or very little, insulin is released into the body. This means that glucose builds up in the blood instead of being used as energy. It usually develops in adolescence or childhood, but it can develop in adulthood. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body is unable to use the insulin that is produced by the pancreas (insulin insensitivity) or when the body does not produce enough insulin. This also results in a build up of glucose in the blood. This type of diabetes usually develops in adults, but it can also affect children. Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy. This can result in an increased risk for the mother and child to develop diabetes. Seeing as the main concern of diabetes is that it causes high levels of glucose in the bloods, it can have serious health implications. For instance, high levels of glucose

can cause chronic kidney disease, foot problems, lower limb

amputation, and eye disease that can lead to blindness, heart

attack, stroke, nerve damage, and anxiety. Diabetes-related

complications can be serious and life-threatening.

Diabetes

Diabetes can have serious health implications and therefore, it is important for health agencies to work to control the threat of diabetes. Currently, the risk factors that contribute to type 1 diabetes are not known. It is known that having a family member with diabetes increases your chance, however, the definite risk factors are not known. This makes it difficult to manage the risk of type 1 diabetes. Governments should work to increase the research on this type of diabetes so that knowing the risk factors can decrease the number of affected people. On the other hand, the exact risk factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes are well-known. These include having an immediate family member with diabetes, having gestational diabetes, having high blood pressure, having high cholesterol, being overweight, and having been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. If the government would to make these risk factors more well-known, it would lead to more people being tested for diabetes. Moreover, if people know the risk factors, they can work to ensure that they are at the lowest possible risk of contracting diabetes. For instance, obesity is a huge problem in North America right now. Governments should work to create solutions to the risk factors, like obesity, so that diabetes is not as great a problem.

Diabetes is a disease that is often debilitating and sometimes fatal. It is caused by the fact that the body cannot produce insulin or cannot use the insulin that it produces. The body needs insulin to use glucose as an energy source.

Works Cited

Diabetes is a chronic disease.

  • http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Caregiver/Resources/WhatisCardiovascularDisease/What-is-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_301852_Article.jsp
  • http://www.davidsuzuki.org/issues/climate-change/science/climate-change-basics/climate-change-101-1/
  • http://www.msf.ca/en/hiv-aids?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc_grants&utm_campaign=diseases&cscid=GA&gclid=CI6eo-jIncICFQaEaQodiWAAOA
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  • http://www.lung.ca/lung-health/lung-disease/tuberculosis
  • http://www.cdc.gov/std/
  • http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understanding-radiation-overview.html
  • http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/signs-and-symptoms
  • http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/dc-ma/hep-eng.php
  • http://www.lung.ca/lung-health/lung-disease/asthma
  • http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution-overview/
  • http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/
  • http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/breast/risks/?region=on
  • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/
  • https://internationalmedicalcorps.org/sslpage.aspx?pid=2111#.VITp1PldWSo
  • http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/pneumonia/symptoms-diagnosis-and.html
  • http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/osteoporosis-osteoporose-eng.php

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, commonly referred to as TB, is a serious disease caused by breathing in a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease most often infects the lungs. However, TB can also infect other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine and brain.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease.

Managing TB

Tuberculosis is a disease that is entirely treatable, yet it still has the ability to be fatal. It is important to note that not everyone that has TB bacteria becomes sick with tuberculosis. There are some that have a latent TB infection, which means that they have the bacteria but it is not multiplying. These people do not feel sick, do not show symptoms, and cannot get others sick. Some people with latent TB do go on to get sick with tuberculosis disease. Those with TB feel sick, experience symptoms, and can pass on the TB bacteria to others. TB is not spread by doings things like kissing, sharing a toothbrush, shaking someone's hand, or by sharing food or drink. People who have been recently infected with TB bacteria or people with medical conditions that weaken the immune system have the highest chance of suffering from tuberculosis.The different symptoms of TB depend on where in the body TB is growing. Some common symptoms include, a bad cough that lasts longer than 3 weeks, pain in the chest, coughing up blood, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, chills, and fever.

Tuberculosis is a disease that killed about 1.5 million people last year. It is second only to HIV/AIDS as the greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent. TB occurs in every part of the world, but most cases are reported in South-East Asia and Western-Pacific Regions. Tuberculosis is a preventable and curable disease. Active, drug-sensitive TB can be treated with a standard, six-month course of four antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, seeing as TB is preventable and curable, there is not much that government agencies need to do to manage TB. The most that they can do is continue to ensure that those with TB are treated and cured. Also, they must raise awareness about the disease so that people will have the correct knowledge and then, they can be tested if there are concerns about infection. There is not much that can be done about the spread of TB other than the fact that those who are infected should be isolated so that they cannot infect others. Diagnosis and treatment is the key to managing the dangers and fatality of the tuberculosis disease.

Managing HIV

HIV

It can be daunting for governments to consider managing a worldwide, infectious disease like HIV. One of the only things that governments can to do to lessen the impact of the disease is to work towards finding a cure. Governments are some of the only organizations that have the power and ability to fund the research of a HIV cure. Moreover, governments can attempt to raise even more awareness on the issue in order to educate people on the dangers of unprotected sex or sharing needles - anything that involves the exchange of bodily fluids. Educating people can help them make better choices and keep them healthy. In addition, there are poverty stricken areas where HIV is prevalent. Therefore, governments with the means should fund missions that go and help those that are less fortunate and suffering. Some governments can fund the MSF missions that provide aid to HIV patients.

The experience of finding out that you have HIV can be traumatizing, especially considering the stigma around the disease. Currently, there is no cure for HIV and so, it can be difficult to cope with the disease. However, there are drugs, called antiretrovirals, that help combat the virus and enable people to live longer, healthier lives. This illness affects individuals quite differently. Some will begin showing cold-like symptoms within 2-4 weeks of contracting the virus. Others will not show any symptoms at all until they begin to progress towards AIDS. In the early stages, symptoms include fever, swollen glands, sore throat, rash, fatigues, aches and pains, and headache. These can last from a few days to a few weeks. Then, there comes a stage called the clinical latency stage, in which the virus is no longer producing any noticeable symptoms. During the latency period, it is still possible for an infected person to transmit the disease to another person. The last stage of HIV is the progression to AIDS. This stage includes more severe symptoms, such as rapid weight loss, recurring fever or profuse night sweats, extreme and unexplained tiredness, prolonged swelling of the lymph glands, sores (of the mouth, anus, or genitals), memory loss, depression, and other neurological disorders.

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus:

H – Human – This virus only infects human beings.

I – Immunodeficiency – HIV weakens the immune system by destroying cells that are critical in fighting disease and infection.

V – Virus – A virus can only reproduce by taking over a cell in the body of its host.

HIV is most commonly spread by sexual activities and through the exchange of bodily fluids. It can also be transmitted from mother to child, during pregnancy, delivery, or through breast milk.

HIV is an infectious disease.

Harkiran Kooner

WHO reports that malaria is currently endemic in over 100 countries, which are visited by more than 125 million international travelers annually. Malaria is passed on by an infected mosquito, but it is also possible for it to passed on by an infected blood transfusion, by shared needle use, or from mother to unborn child. Symptoms of malaria include fever and flu-like symptoms, such as, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, and malaise. It is also common for shakes, muscle spasms, and chills to occur. The severity of the malaria for an individual person depends on the specific malaria parasite responsible for the infection. The progression from having a malaria infection with no noticeable symptoms to severe malaria can be extremely rapid, with death occurring withing 36 to 48 hours. It is possible to treat malaria, however the treatment depends on the species of malaria parasite, severity of the infection, the age of the infected person, and the pattern of drug resistance to malaria treatment in the area where the infection was acquired. If the malaria is identified and treated early, almost all malaria should be cured. But, even small delays can lead to complications in the treatment process of malaria. There are numerous preventive measures that can be taken to decrease the chances of contracting malaria. The first is to prevent mosquito bites, through physical barriers (nets, clothing) and repellents. Also, antimalaria medication should be administered. There is not vaccine, but these medicines do reduce the risk of developing malaria.

According to WHO, there were about 207 million cases of malaria in 2012 with about 627 000 deaths. Malaria mortality rates have dropped by 42% globally, and today, most of those who die are children in Africa where a child dies every minute from Malaria. Most of the work that needs to be done to control malaria needs to happen in sub-Saharan Africa, where the infection and mortality rates are highest. Governments need to provide citizens with the right tools to prevent the spread of malaria. These tools include mosquito nets and repellents. Also, the antimalaria medication must become available for all people, even those living in poverty. Government agencies must make a conscious effort to increase the health care standards and provide the right preventative measures for the citizens. The people at the highest risk of contracting malaria include young children, non-immune pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS, and international travelers from non-endemic countries because they lack immunity. These groups of people must take special care to prevent spread of malaria. It is a preventable and curable disease.

Controlling Malaria

Malaria is an infectious disease.

Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium; the parasite is transmitted via the bite of an infected mosquito. When the parasite enters the human body, it multiplies in the liver and then infects the red blood cells. There are four species of the malaria parasite: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae.

Malaria

Asthma

Asthma is a disease that makes a person's lungs very sensitive, which makes it difficult to breathe. Asthma cannot be cured, but with treatment, it is possible to lead a normal life. With asthma, the airways can become swollen and filled with mucus or tight and small; both these things make it difficult to breathe normally.

Asthma is a chronic disease.

Managing Asthma

The impact of asthma on individual people varies with the specific person. Most people will begin showing symptoms of asthma at a relatively young age. The actual symptoms vary from person to person and they can change over time. However, these are some common symptoms: wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath. Asthma can be a serious problem and sometimes when a person is experiencing severe symptoms, a trip

to the emergency room is necessary. Some symptoms

of a serious asthma attack include struggling for breath,

difficulty breathing, flaring nostrils, pale skin, sweating,

blue lips or nail beds, and lethargic. Although there is no

cure for asthma, there are medications that will help control the affects of the disease. If people who have asthma follow their medication plan and take them all as prescribed, they should live a symptom-free life. The only real changes they have to go through are avoiding asthma triggers (smoke, cold air) and asthma inducers (allergies, viruses). There are many people who have asthma and are still able to lead a healthy, normal life.

Due the fact there are an extremely few number of deaths that result from asthma, there is really no need of an extensive effort to manage asthma. About 300 million people worldwide have asthma. Most of these people can lead healthy lives as longs they take their medication and listen to their doctor. There is only a slight need for government agencies to control asthma cases. One of the only things that the government needs to manage is the emission of air pollution. Since air pollution has been known to trigger asthma attacks, it is important for the government to regulate levels of air pollution. Moreover, obesity is another risk factor for asthma, obese adults have a significantly higher chance of developing asthma. Therefore, government agencies should take the responsibility to create fitness programs that encourage exercise and reduce the relatively high rate of obesity in North America. Tobacco smoke is also a contributing factor for those who develop asthma, along with a multitude of other heath concerns. Due to the fact that tobacco is without a doubt injurious to health, government agencies should take the initiative to prohibit the smoking of tobacco. Not only can it cause health concerns for the smoker, but it can also cause health concerns for those near the smoker.

Climate change does not really affect individual people, instead it affects the global population as a whole. Climate change impacts ecosystems, economies, and communities. Rising temperatures can have drastic results, such as flooding, drought, and intense summer heat. Climate change also affects the water resources around the world; the water system is tied to other resource and social issues such as food supply, health, industry, transportation, and ecosystem integrity. The global meltdown of glaciers also has a severe impact on Arctic ecosystems. In addition, climate change also threatens the health of future citizens through increased disease, freshwater shortages, worsened smog and more. These impacts also pose incalculable economic risks.

The world's leading scientists state that in order to prevent dangerous levels of global warming, governments should limit global warming to less than 2ºC by taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There are multiple ways for governments to work to reduce greenhouse gases, however, they must commit fully to have the appropriate amount of impact. An example of change that could be brought on by governments is in energy efficient buildings. If the government worked to reduce the energy consumption of residential homes, greenhouse emissions would be 5.9% less in Canada. Another example is the transportation industry. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be accomplished by the government encouraging the movement of freight by rail rather than by road, as rail is much more fuel efficient. Also, Canadians should be encouraged to purchase fuel-efficient vehicles through financial incentives provided by the government. Additionally, many experts agree that charging for greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most powerful tools in the fight against climate change. This is because carbon-pricing addresses a fundamental problem in Canada: it is free to pollute. If governments take a stand, there is a extremely high chance that the impact of climate change will be lessened.

Solving the Problem

Climate Change is an environmental factor.

Basically, climate change occurs when long-term weather patterns are altered (sometimes through human activity). Global warming is an example of climate change and can be defined as a rise in the average global temperature.

Climate Change

Ebola

Ebola virus disease, formally known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, can be described as a severe, often fatal disease to humans. It a disease marked by fever and internal bleeding, spread through contact with bodily fluids infected with a filovirus, Ebola virus.

Ebola is an infectious disease.

Managing Ebola

Ebola has been one of the most talked about outbreaks in all of 2014. It has gained news coverage worldwide and it has people calling for a cure. Currently, there is no tested cure available, however, some Canadian researchers have an option they are continuing research on. With all the public attention, many government agencies have come up with plans to manage outbreaks in their respective jurisdictions. There are three main ways to control Ebola outbreaks: reducing the risk of animal-human transmission, reducing the risk of human-human transmission, and containing the outbreak. These three methods will provide governments the highest chances of containing Ebola. Reducing the risk of animal-human transmission can be done by handing animals with gloves and protective equipment. Reducing the risk of human-human transmission can be achieved by wearing personal protective equipment when caring for patients and ensuring that hands are being washed. Also, containment measures should include safe and prompt burial of the dead, identifying anyone that has been in contact with infected people, monitoring the health of contacts for 21 days, separating the sick from the healthy, and maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment.

The Ebola virus is a disease that is severe and often fatal if left untreated. Currently, there are outbreaks in West Africa, where the death toll is less than 6 200. It is thought that fruit bats are natural Ebola virus hosts. The virus is introduced to humans through the contact of blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope, and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola is transmitted between humans via direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials contaminated with these fluids. The incubation period (time between infection by the virus and onset of symptoms) is 2 to 21 days. Humans are not infectious until they

develop symptoms. First symptoms

are the sudden onset of fever fatigue,

muscle pain, headache and sore throat.

This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea,

rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and

liver function, and in some cases, both

internal and external bleeding. Most

laboratory findings show that infected

people have low white blood cell and

platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases, STDs, are diseases that are passed on by sexual contact. There are variety of different diseases, such as chlamydia, herpes, HIV/AIDs, and HPV. These diseases can cause a wide range of health issues, from infertility to death.

Sexually transmitted diseases are infectious diseases.

Controlling STDs

The impact of STDs on individual humans can be difficult to understand. Discovering that you have gotten an STD from your sexual partner can be a difficult trauma to cope with. It can lead to a person feeling betrayed by a loved one, embarrassed, or guilty. Moreover, contracting a STD can lead to many different symptoms. These can include painful urination, discharge from the penis or vagina, pain during sex, anal itching, and itching or irritation of the genitals. In addition, some STDs can lead to infertility. Both chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause infertility and both diseases are preventable. These diseases sometimes do not symptoms and therefore, can cause infections in the uterus or fallopian tubes without detection, resulting in infertility.

Sexually transmitted diseases, unfortunately, have become common. In order to control the high number of STD cases around the world, government agencies must work to educate the people. There are many common misconceptions about contracting STDs. For example, many think that one cannot get an STD through oral or anal sex. This is not true because the infections can pass through tiny cuts in the mouth or anus. This means agencies should work to let people know the facts on STDs rather than treating the diseases as if they are something that should not be talked about. Ways to prevent STDs should be common knowledge to the general population. Some of these methods include abstinence, vaccination, mutual monogamy, reduced number of sexual partners, and using condoms.

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