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Contemporaries with Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)
• Parents were Josiah and Abiah Franklin
He had 9 siblings and 5 step-siblings
•Attended Boston Latin School as prep for Harvard College
Shortly thereafter, withdrew and went to an academy for the practical study of writing and arithmetic
The Body of B. Franklin. Printer.
Like the Cover of an old Book
Its Contents torn out
And stript of its Lettering and Gilding
Lies here. Food for worms.
But the Work shall not be lost.
For it will as he believ'd
appear once more
In a new and more elegant Edition
Corrected and Improved
By the Author.
• A social, political, and intellectual phenomenon with roots in philosophers Locke, Hume, and Newton
•Emphasis on reason and human progress
• Advocated the use of scientific method, observation, and experience in order to understand and modify the natural world and human society
• Included a general disregard for tradition and constituted authorities
• Universal laws govern the natural world, human nature, and social institutions
•all men are created equal and are endowed with certain natural rights; collective human freedom
•Governments only exist by the consent of the governed, who can rebel if natural rights are violated
• similar to Rousseau's social contract theory
•Excessive optimism about progression of humanity and government
"Here is my creed. I believe in one God, creator of the universe. That he governs it by His Providence. That He ought to be worshipped. That the most acceptable service that we render Him is doing good for His other children. That the soul of man is immortal and willbe treated with justice in the next life respecting its conduct in this. These I take to be the fundamental principles..."
American Revolution
Declaration of Independence a declaration of war
"A war between an old (and corrupt) nation and an emerging (and virtuous) one"
Franklin no longer a British American, but American
You vs. We
Optimistic about America's future
Saw America, with its growing strength and population, as the future seat of the greatest political structure human beings would ever erect
An American symbol, then and now
"genuine product of American soil"
•Born in Boston January 17, 1706
•Apprenticed in a printing shop under James Franklin
Here, Franklin began to show signs of his writing talent by anonymously submitting columns to the newspaper under the persona of
"Silence Dogood"
LIGHT as a common image:
"...brings unknown space under the control of experiences. Its presence renders the strange familiar and the familiar more exciting."
•Ran away from James in 1723 and made his way to Philadelphia
• Deism a natural progression from the Enlightenment
• Four key elements:
• God as first cause
• Inclusion of nature and science
• Immortality
• Emphasis on virtuous living
• Two major characteristics:
• Covert, not overt
• Circulated among upper levels of society
•Eventually made his way to London and worked in a printing shop for another two years
Took over a struggling newspaper and renamed it The Pennsylvania Gazette
•Upon his return to Philadelphia in 1726, he established his own printing business
From 1733-1758 started writing and publishing his own annual Poor Richard's Almanac
•1748, retired from publishing and pursued scientific experiences and inventions
•Invented a new type of stove,
•Founded first American subscription library, established foundations of University of Pennsylvania, and established foundations for American Philosophical Society
bifocals,
the glass harmonica,
• Appeared before House of Commons trying to persuade them to appeal the Stamp Act imposed upon the colonies
and, through his kite experiment, proved that lightning was electricity
• Albany Plan or "plan of unions"- suggested that, in order to be successful, colonies should unite, rather than operate separately
•1775: appointed to be a delegate to the Second Continental Congress
Died April 17, 1790
• helped Thomas Jefferson and John Adams write the Declaration of Independence
•1776: appointed commissioner to the court of France
•1778: signed the American Constitution
Enlightenment Spirit & Representative American