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Green Revolution in India

Causes

Shortcomings

  • Output sometimes falls short even today
  • Only two states showed the best results (results were less impressive in other parts of india)
  • Agrochemical-based pest affected the surrounding environmental as well as human health
  • approx. four million died in 1943 due to the Bengal Famine
  • malnutrition and starvation in general were a major issue

  • marginal farmers found it difficult to finance their enterprise due to a feudal system involving Zamindars
  • Zamindars would lend money to farmers with a high interest rate; leading the farmers to work, essentially, for free for the Zamindars, considering they would not be able to pay the money back

  • there was a lack of self-sufficiency, due to aged farming techniques, low productivity and a growing population

  • furthermore, agriculture was considered to be a matter of substance and not a matter of profit, leading to a small and weak market

Benefits

Consequenses

  • record grain ["Korn"] of 131 million tonnes in 1978/79
  • Yield per unit of farmland improved by 30% between 1947 and 1979
  • The green Revolution created plenty of jobs for agricultural and industrial workers

Three basic elements of the Green Revolution:

Continuing expansion of farming areas

Double-cropping in the existing farmland

  • cultivated land was increased from 1947 anyway
  • was not enough for the rising demand
  • despite other methods, expansion of cultivable land also had to continue
  • quantitative expansion of farmlands
  • primary feature of the Green Revolution
  • instead of one, two crop seasons [to crop = "ernten"] per year
  • one-season-per-year practice because there is only one rainy season annually
  • water for the second phase now from huge irrigation projects ["Bewässerungsmaßnahmen"]
  • dams and other simple irrigation techniques

Using seeds with improved genetics

Sources

Site supported by UN environment and designed and developed by TERI

  • scientific aspect of the Green Revolution
  • The Indian Council for Agricultural Research developed new high yield seeds
  • mainly wheat and rice, but also millet["Hirse"] and corn
  • M. S. Swaminathan was one of the most important people for the Green Revolution

  • not only seeds with superior genetics, but also fertilizers ["Dünger"] and pesticides were used
  • http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/bio/green.htm

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monkombu_Sambasivan_Swaminathan_-_Kolkata_2013-01-07_2674.JPG

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research

  • YouTube: Green Revolution and its Impact in India

  • http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0198284632.001.0001/acprof-9780198284635

Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan

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