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Federal Governments View Continued
- Enviromental Protection Agency- Approved Enlist Duo, an herbicide product that combines two previously approved herbicides
-The pesticide will be used to control weeds in corn and soybeans genetically engineered (GE) to tolerate 2,4-D and glyphosate.
Overall, the goverment approves of Herbicides- Enlist Duo was approved October 16,2014
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-15/dow-chemical-enlist-weed-killer-for-gmo-crops-approved
Federal Governments Stance
-GMO herbicide are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency under the federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic Substance Control Act.
http://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097256sid=21105784793323&uid=3739256&uid=2&uid=3739808&uid=4
"Glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) was first reported in 2000 in Delaware and has since been found in several other states, including Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, and California. Data show that clusters of horseweed can grow robustly even when sprayed with four times the recommended amount of the herbicide glyphosate. A
glyphosate-resistant biotype of horseweed also exists in non-crop areas. In regions of the U.S. where Roundup-Ready crops dominate, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of economically-damaging weed species including Lolium rigidum, Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Ambrosia trifi da L., Amaranthus palmeri S, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) Conyza and Lolium spp.37,38 In other parts of the world where Roundup-ready crops are used, weed resistance has also appeared. In Argentina and Brazil, for example, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of Sorghum halepense
L. and Euphorbia heterophylla L."
Biology." JSTOR. Annual Reviews Inc., 1 Jan. 1991. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097256sid=21105784793323&uid=3739256&uid=2&uid=3739808&uid=4>.
6. Glyphosate is a genotoxic endocrine disruptor to human cells and gut bacteria.
7. Glyphosate is linked to cancer and deadly kidney disease in humans.
8. Glyphosate causes DNA damage.
9. The EPA is still working on Glyphosate’s human risk assessment.
10. Glyphosate resistance is the primary purpose of genetic crop engineering.
HRCs (herbicide resistant crops) simplifies the problem of weed management by allowing farmers to use fewer pesticides
1. Glyphosate causes disease and biological / physiological disorders in crops.
2. Glyphosate is no longer effective at killing weeds.
3. Glyphosate use is increasing steadily.
4. Glyphosate is not breaking down as promised.
5. Glyphosate causes birth defects, tumors, and reproductive disorders in animals, as well as sharp declines in beneficial insects.
Reduces the cost of weed management and overall price of the crop
manages weeds that have become resistant to other pesticides
"More About Glyphosate (RoundUp)." Gmo-awareness. GMO Awareness. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/>.
can create weeds that tolerate glyphosate
Madsen, Kathrine, and Jens Streibig. "Weed Management for Developing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22865693
Countries: Benefits and Risks of the Use of Herbicide-resistant Crops." FAO Corporate Document Repository. Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm>.
Madsen, Kathrine, and Jens Streibig. "Weed Management for Developing
constant use of pesticides can seep into local war supply and the residue can remain on crops which may cause health problems
Countries: Benefits and Risks of the Use of Herbicide-resistant Crops." FAO Corporate Document Repository. Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm>.
"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.
U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.
farmers will have to use stronger concentrations as the weeds become more tolerant
sources
Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide
"More About Glyphosate (RoundUp)." Gmo-awareness. GMO Awareness. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/>.
Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22865693
Notes from Ms. Biondo
"Glyphosate." Beyond Pesticides. Beyond Pesticides. Web. 5 Feb. 2015.
https://www.organicconsumers.org/old_articles/patent/rrsoybeans112601.php
<http://www.beyondpesticides.org/pesticides/factsheets/Glyphosate.pdf>.
http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1056648673&topicorder=2&maxto=5
http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/
"Herbicide Tolerant Crops." Beyond Pesticides. Beyond Pesticides. Web. 5
"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.
Feb. 2015. <http://www.beyondpesticides.org/gmos/HerbicideTolerance.php>.
U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.
Madsen, Kathrine, and Jens Streibig. "Weed Management for Developing
Warwick, Suzanne. "HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDY PLANTS: Physiology and Population
Countries: Benefits and Risks of the Use of Herbicide-resistant Crops." FAO Corporate Document Repository. Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm>.
Biology." JSTOR. Annual Reviews Inc., 1 Jan. 1991. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097256sid=21105784793323&uid=3739256&uid=2&uid=3739808&uid=4>.
http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/Monsanto/about.html
http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/
Resistance Mechanism One
would not be expected to volatilize, or pass off as vapor, from water or soil
Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.
Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.
the herbicide can no longer bind
Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.
the one biggest controversy with round up ready was the lack of regulation and public relations involved with GM crops
some argue that changing a gene in a crop may affect the crop in multiple ways and that scientist do not fully understand the impact of GMOs on the environment
"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.
Resistance Mechanism Two
labeling has also been a major issue since most genetically labeled foods are currently not labeled as such causing consumers not to know which foods are genetically modified or not
Metabolism of the plant is enhanced
Metabolism in a plant assists in the detoxification of foreign compounds, such as herbicides.
Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide
http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/Monsanto/about.html
A weed with the ability to quickly degrade a herbicide can potentially inactivate it before it can reach its site of action within the plant.
Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.
U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.
Resistance Mechanism Four
Over-expression of targeted protein
The herbicide targeted protein, is over produced...
the effect of the protein is infinitesimal
Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.
http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/Monsanto/about.html
Resistance Mechanism Three
"Compartmentalization or sequestration"
Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide
Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.
Chemical Stats:
Trade Name: Roundup
Use: for broadleaf weed and grass control
on food and non-food field crop sites.
Toxicity rating: Toxic.
Health Effects: Eye and skin irritation, associated with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, and spontaneous abortions. Other ingredients in formulated products are linked to developmental abnormalities,
decreased sperm count, abnormal sperms and cell death of embryonic, placental and umbilical cord cells.
Environmental Effects: Weed resistance due to use of GM fields, water contamination, soil quality degradation, toxic to aquatic
organisms.
"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.
U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.
Notes from Ms. Biondo
normal
field dosage of herbicide
"Herbicide Tolerant Crops." Beyond Pesticides. Beyond Pesticides. Web. 5
Feb. 2015. <http://www.beyondpesticides.org/gmos/HerbicideTolerance.php>.