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Federal Governments View Continued

- Enviromental Protection Agency- Approved Enlist Duo, an herbicide product that combines two previously approved herbicides

-The pesticide will be used to control weeds in corn and soybeans genetically engineered (GE) to tolerate 2,4-D and glyphosate.

Overall, the goverment approves of Herbicides- Enlist Duo was approved October 16,2014

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-15/dow-chemical-enlist-weed-killer-for-gmo-crops-approved

Federal Governments Stance

-GMO herbicide are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency under the federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic Substance Control Act.

http://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php

Promotion of Resistant Weeds

Advantages

http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097256sid=21105784793323&uid=3739256&uid=2&uid=3739808&uid=4

"Glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) was first reported in 2000 in Delaware and has since been found in several other states, including Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, and California. Data show that clusters of horseweed can grow robustly even when sprayed with four times the recommended amount of the herbicide glyphosate. A

glyphosate-resistant biotype of horseweed also exists in non-crop areas. In regions of the U.S. where Roundup-Ready crops dominate, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of economically-damaging weed species including Lolium rigidum, Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Ambrosia trifi da L., Amaranthus palmeri S, Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) Conyza and Lolium spp.37,38 In other parts of the world where Roundup-ready crops are used, weed resistance has also appeared. In Argentina and Brazil, for example, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of Sorghum halepense

L. and Euphorbia heterophylla L."

Biology." JSTOR. Annual Reviews Inc., 1 Jan. 1991. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097256sid=21105784793323&uid=3739256&uid=2&uid=3739808&uid=4>.

Public Standpoint/Concerns(.com):"Ten Sobering Facts about Glyphosate"

6. Glyphosate is a genotoxic endocrine disruptor to human cells and gut bacteria.

7. Glyphosate is linked to cancer and deadly kidney disease in humans.

8. Glyphosate causes DNA damage.

9. The EPA is still working on Glyphosate’s human risk assessment.

10. Glyphosate resistance is the primary purpose of genetic crop engineering.

HRCs (herbicide resistant crops) simplifies the problem of weed management by allowing farmers to use fewer pesticides

1. Glyphosate causes disease and biological / physiological disorders in crops.

2. Glyphosate is no longer effective at killing weeds.

3. Glyphosate use is increasing steadily.

4. Glyphosate is not breaking down as promised.

5. Glyphosate causes birth defects, tumors, and reproductive disorders in animals, as well as sharp declines in beneficial insects.

Disadvantages

Reduces the cost of weed management and overall price of the crop

manages weeds that have become resistant to other pesticides

may have adverse unknown effects to human health

"More About Glyphosate (RoundUp)." Gmo-awareness. GMO Awareness. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/>.

can create weeds that tolerate glyphosate

Madsen, Kathrine, and Jens Streibig. "Weed Management for Developing

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22865693

Countries: Benefits and Risks of the Use of Herbicide-resistant Crops." FAO Corporate Document Repository. Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm>.

Madsen, Kathrine, and Jens Streibig. "Weed Management for Developing

constant use of pesticides can seep into local war supply and the residue can remain on crops which may cause health problems

Countries: Benefits and Risks of the Use of Herbicide-resistant Crops." FAO Corporate Document Repository. Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm>.

"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.

U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.

farmers will have to use stronger concentrations as the weeds become more tolerant

sources

GMO: Herbicide Tolerance

Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide

"More About Glyphosate (RoundUp)." Gmo-awareness. GMO Awareness. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/>.

Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22865693

Notes from Ms. Biondo

"Glyphosate." Beyond Pesticides. Beyond Pesticides. Web. 5 Feb. 2015.

https://www.organicconsumers.org/old_articles/patent/rrsoybeans112601.php

<http://www.beyondpesticides.org/pesticides/factsheets/Glyphosate.pdf>.

http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1056648673&topicorder=2&maxto=5

http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/

"Herbicide Tolerant Crops." Beyond Pesticides. Beyond Pesticides. Web. 5

"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.

Feb. 2015. <http://www.beyondpesticides.org/gmos/HerbicideTolerance.php>.

U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.

Madsen, Kathrine, and Jens Streibig. "Weed Management for Developing

Warwick, Suzanne. "HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDY PLANTS: Physiology and Population

Countries: Benefits and Risks of the Use of Herbicide-resistant Crops." FAO Corporate Document Repository. Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0i.htm>.

Biology." JSTOR. Annual Reviews Inc., 1 Jan. 1991. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097256sid=21105784793323&uid=3739256&uid=2&uid=3739808&uid=4>.

http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/Monsanto/about.html

Distribution

of N-phosphonomethyl-glycine

by Cassie Luken, Nick Scott, Kevin Chunilall, and Tatiana Hill

  • a spray of the isopropylamine salt is removed from the atmosphere by gravitational settling
  • Glyphosate readily and completely biodegrades in soil even under low temperature conditions. Its average half-life in soil is about 60 days

http://gmo-awareness.com/resources/glyphosate/

  • Glyphosate can enter aquatic systems through spray drift, or surface runoff. It dissipates rapidly from the water column as a result of adsorption and possibly biodegradation. The half-life in water is a few days.

Mechanism of Action: Herbicide Tolerance

in 4 known mechanisms

Resistance Mechanism One

  • ionic state in water, glyphosate

would not be expected to volatilize, or pass off as vapor, from water or soil

  • The herbicide has a target site of action.
  • The specific site disrupts plant processes or mode of action.
  • After the target site is altered,

Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.

Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.

the herbicide can no longer bind

Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.

Controversies

the one biggest controversy with round up ready was the lack of regulation and public relations involved with GM crops

some argue that changing a gene in a crop may affect the crop in multiple ways and that scientist do not fully understand the impact of GMOs on the environment

"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.

Resistance Mechanism Two

labeling has also been a major issue since most genetically labeled foods are currently not labeled as such causing consumers not to know which foods are genetically modified or not

current roundup ready crops

Metabolism of the plant is enhanced

Metabolism in a plant assists in the detoxification of foreign compounds, such as herbicides.

Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide

http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/Monsanto/about.html

A weed with the ability to quickly degrade a herbicide can potentially inactivate it before it can reach its site of action within the plant.

Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.

alfalfa

soy beans

corn

wheat

U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.

canola

Resistance Mechanism Four

sorghum

Over-expression of targeted protein

cotton

The herbicide targeted protein, is over produced...

the effect of the protein is infinitesimal

Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.

http://web.mit.edu/demoscience/Monsanto/about.html

Resistance Mechanism Three

"Compartmentalization or sequestration"

  • some plants restrict the movements of the foreign Herbicide compound
  • restriction is done in tissues or cells to prevent harmful effects

Buhler, Wayne. "Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance." Pesticide

Environmental Stewardship. CIPM: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Herbicide/Pages/Mechanisms-of-Herbicide-Resistance.aspx>.

Glyphosate

Phosphanoglycine herbicide

  • Non-selective herbicide, or at low rates a plant growth regulator

Genetic Modification (General)

Chemical Stats:

Trade Name: Roundup

Use: for broadleaf weed and grass control

on food and non-food field crop sites.

Toxicity rating: Toxic.

Health Effects: Eye and skin irritation, associated with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, and spontaneous abortions. Other ingredients in formulated products are linked to developmental abnormalities,

decreased sperm count, abnormal sperms and cell death of embryonic, placental and umbilical cord cells.

Environmental Effects: Weed resistance due to use of GM fields, water contamination, soil quality degradation, toxic to aquatic

organisms.

a modification in genetic material for the benefit of a certain characteristic

  • does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural modification
  • modification of DNA or RNA to modify a organism's phenotype

"Technical Factsheet On: GLYPHOSATE." Epa.

U.S. Environmental Protecion Agency. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdf>.

Notes from Ms. Biondo

Herbicide Resistance

late 1960s in a pine nursery in Missouri

normal

  • The condition where a plant resists a

field dosage of herbicide

  • results from selection and genetic response from continuous exposure to herbicides
  • Monsanto, an Agrochemical Company, first introduced glyphosate resistant soybean and corn in the late 1990s.
  • These crops were also known as "Roundup Ready Crops"

"Herbicide Tolerant Crops." Beyond Pesticides. Beyond Pesticides. Web. 5

Feb. 2015. <http://www.beyondpesticides.org/gmos/HerbicideTolerance.php>.

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