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STATES OF MATTER

All things in the universe are made of matter in the form of atoms and molecules. These atoms and molecules can be found in certain forms or states. Each state has it's own specific properties and when an element or compound changes state it may also change properties.

In this presentation I hope to give a basic understanding of what each of these states of matter are, how they are created and where they can be found.

By Dylan Blair

Fermionic Condesate

Solid

Fermionic condensate is incredibly similar to BEC as it is made in the same way and the state of matter created shows signs of having the same properties as a super fluid (Physicsworld.com 2013).

Fermionic condensates are still a theoretical understanding and only small samples have been created for testing. Fermionic condensates like BEC could have possibly been created during the early universe otherwise it takes temperatures of almost absolute zero and so Fermionic condensates are not known to form naturally.

Fermionic Condensates are also a man made creation and once again the sub-atomic particles are cooled using both a magnetic field and lasers bombarding the particles from all directions (Science.nasa.gov 2012).

Superfluids

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Liquid

BEC is created by trapping bosons in a magnetic sealed chamber and cooling it down using infered lasers. As the bosons reach almost absolute zero the particles start to move at a similar movement rate while they are still disconected (). Once BEC is created all the bosons move in one perfect similar motion and all the atoms look identical (Nist.gov 1995).

Bosons and fermions are a sub-atomic particles that make up everything arounds us. Simply as possible fermions are what create mass while bosons are the carrier of energy that holds them together and dictates properties. Fermions also interact by exchanging bosons (http://nonlocal.com/hbar/bosonfermion.html).

(Windows2universe.org 2013)

Bose-Einstein Condensate is created when bosons have almost all their energy taken away and this can only be found at tempertures at almost absolute zero (Colorado.edu 1920).

It is theorised that BEC was a fundemental part of the formation of the early universe and plays a crucial part on the theory of dark matter and it's part in the creation of the universe (Arxiv.org 1999).

Gas

Quark Gluon Plasma

References

Gases are free moving and have so much energy that they break their atomic bonds and move move away from each other (Studios 1997).

Quarks and gluons are the building blocks of sub-atomic particles and so Quark Gluon Plasma is created when the sub-atomic particles break apart muck like ionised plasmas do except at a smaller level (Office 2010).

Gases can only be restricted to a solid airtight container but even then they move freely inside that container (Studios 1997).

Gases can even have the energy to negate gravity and most gases tend to rise and fall with density and heat convection as do liquids (Bbc.co.uk 2010).

There is stil much to learn and understand in quantum physics so the more we test and experiment with quarks and gluons the more data we collect and hopefully we become closer to understanding them.

The way labratory scientist make quark gluon plasma is by using equipment such as the hadron collider to collide atoms into each other at extreme speed to break apart the atoms (LiveScience.com 1997).

Windows2universe.org. 2013. Solid. [online] Available at: http://www.windows2universe.org/physical_science/solid_state.html [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Vardhan, V. n.d.. STATES OF MATTER | SOLID STATE | LIQUID STATE | GASEOUS STATE | PLASMA STATE. [online] Available at: http://www.adichemistry.com/general/state/states-of-matter.html [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Chem.purdue.edu. n.d.. States of Matter. [online] Available at: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Chem.purdue.edu. n.d.. States of Matter. [online] Available at: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Webquest.hawaii.edu. 2008. Science Dictionary: Convection Liquid. [online] Available at: http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/sciencedictionary/C/convectionliquid [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Studios, A. 1997. Chem4Kids.com: Matter: Gases. [online] Available at: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_gas.html [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Bbc.co.uk. 2010. BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Heat transfer by conduction and convection. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/energy/heatrev1.shtml [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Csep10.phys.utk.edu. n.d.. Ionization and Plasmas. [online] Available at: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/ionization.html [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Plasmacoalition.org. n.d.. Untitled. [online] Available at: http://www.plasmacoalition.org/what.htm [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Education.jlab.org. n.d.. What is plasma?. [online] Available at: http://education.jlab.org/qa/plasma_01.html [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

LiveScience.com. 1997. Hottest Particle Soup May Reveal Secrets of Primordial Universe. [online] Available at: http://www.livescience.com/22320-quark-gluon-plasma-big-bang-conditions.html [Accessed: 13 Jun 2013].

Office, A. 2010. Explained: Quark-gluon plasma - MIT News Office. [online] Available at: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/exp-quark-gluon-0609.html [Accessed: 13 Jun 2013].

Colorado.edu. 1920. BEC - What is it and where did the idea come from?. [online] Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/what_is_it.html [Accessed: 14 Jun 2013].

http://nonlocal.com/hbar/bosonfermion.html

Nist.gov. 1995. Bose-Einstein Condensate: A New Form of Matter. [online] Available at: http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/bec_background.cfm [Accessed: 14 Jun 2013].

Arxiv.org. 1999. [0905.0173] Stagflation -- Bose-Einstein condensation in the early universe. [online] Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.0173 [Accessed: 15 Jun 2013].

Physicsworld.com. 2013. Fermionic condensate makes its debut - physicsworld.com. [online] Available at: http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2004/jan/28/fermionic-condensate-makes-its-debut [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Science.nasa.gov. 2012. A New Form of Matter: II - NASA Science. [online] Available at: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/12feb_fermi/ [Accessed: 18 Jun 2013].

Heat & Pressure

Gluons are placed between the quarks and when sub-atomic particles are put under extreme pressure and heat both the quarks and gluons split apart and move independently of each other much like electrons and atoms do in ionised plasma (LiveScience.com 1997).

Iionized Plasma

Cooling

The energy needed to release electrons from an atom is known as the ionisation energy amount.

Ionisation is the process of releasing electrons from an atom and creating positivley charged ions and negativly charged electrons and ions (Csep10.phys.utk.edu n.d.).

Plasmas are used more then you think in daily life and can be seen all over the universe. Lightning is made of a form of plasma and neon lighting is harnessed through ionised neon. Finally ionised plasma is a part of what makes up the stars we see in the night sky, across our galaxy and beyond (Plasmacoalition.org n.d.).

Ionised plasma is the result of a gas going through inonisation by gaining enough energy through either heat or electromagnet energy (Education.jlab.org n.d.).

Solids are the strongest and most ridgid state of matter and we therefore use them in almost everything we construct and build.

Solidification

Melting

Liquids move freely and are normally most affected by gravity therefore they can only be held in place by a solid container but even then liquids still move due to density and convection (Webquest.hawaii.edu 2008).

3/4 of our planet is made of water and our bodies are also mostly made of water this is just one of the many liquids that are on our planet or even in our universe. Most solids can be melted into a liquid so that they can be used for other purposes.

Evaportation

Condensation

We use certain gases for their conbustibale properties as fuel as well as using it in medical procedures and most importantly through resperation

Liquids have more energy in their atoms then solids so they move more freely and depending on the strength of the atomic bonds they can be highly viscous and slow moving or highly runny and free flowing (Vardhan n.d.).

Solids maintain their shape independently and their shape will only change if enough force is applied to break the atomic bonds between it's atoms and change it's shape (Chem.purdue.edu n.d.).

Ionisation

De-ionisation

Solids are made of atoms or molecules that contain very little energy and are held in an almost fixed position by their magnetic bond (Windows2universe.org 2013)

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