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What it is and where it began?

Animators

Tim Burton

Some of his Films...

Tim Burton is an American film director, producer, artist, writer, poet and stop motion artist. He is known for his dark, gothic, macabre and quirky horror and fantasy films such as Beetlejuice, Edward Scissorhands, The Nightmare Before Christmas, Ed Wood, Sleepy Hollow and Corpse Bride etc. Tim Burton is very active in the field of stop motion animation. One of Burton's first films, Vincent, is a six-minute stop motion animation about a young boy who wants to be Vincent Price. One of his most famous films is " A nightmare before Christmas". Made in 1993, the Nightmare Before Christmas was met with both critical and financial success.

  • Edward Scissorhands-1990 (producer)
  • Corpse Bride-2005 (producer)
  • The Nightmare before Christmas- 1993 (producer)
  • Alice in Wonderland-2010 (producer)
  • Charlie and the Chocolate Factory-2005 (producer)
  • Dark Shadows-2012 (producer)

Stop motion animation has a long history in film. It is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear like it is moving on its own. It was often used to show objects moving as if by magic. The first instance of the stop motion technique was in 1897 called "The Humpty Dumpty Circus" created by Vitagraph studios. Credit can be given to Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton. From then many other films were created and stop motion has became a massive thing now in the present.

Some of his films...

Ray Harryhausen

Raymond Frederick "Ray" Harryhausen (June 29, 1920 – May 7, 2013) was an American visual effects creator, writer, and producer who created a form of stop-motion model animation known as "Dynamation." Harryhausen was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Martha L. (née Reske) and Frederick W. Harryhausen. Of German descent, the family surname was originally spelled "Herrenhausen".

  • How to Bridge a Gorge (also known as How to Build a Bridge) (1942) (producer).
  • Tulips Shall Grow (1942) (chief animator)
  • Mother Goose Stories (1946) (producer)
  • The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958) (associate producer, visual effects)
  • Jason and the Argonauts (1963) (associate producer, visual effects)
  • Jason and the Argonauts (1963) (associate producer, visual effects)
  • The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1974) (producer, visual effects)
  • Clash of the Titans (1981) (producer, visual effects)

First Female Animator-Helena Smith Dayton

The discovery of Stop-motion

Helena Smith Dayton is a film maker, artist and sculpter was the first woman to ever make a stop-motion animation film. This was Romeo and Juliet which was made in 1917. She showed us that women could also make stop-motion films as in this time, it was mainly men who did these jobs. She lived from 1879 to 1960.

The discovery of stop-motion animation was basically an accident. An amateur French Filmmaker. George Melies was shooting a street scene and the film got stuck in the camera gate. Melies continued to film from where he left off. He then examined his final piece and was amazed to find that the pedestrians and vehicles had jumped from one side of the street to the other side. He discovered this in 1896.

Willis O'Brien

Some of his films...

The great pioneer of American stop motion was Willis O'Brien, who according to ASIFA-Hollywood "was responsible for some of the best-known images in cinema history". He spent his spare time sculpting and illustrating and his natural talent led to him being employed first as draftsman in an architect's office and then as a sports cartoonist for the San Francisco Daily News. He inspired many others to take up animation including the most famous stop-motion animator of all time, Ray Harryhausen.

  • The Lost World (1925)
  • King Kong (RKO, 1933)
  • Son of Kong (1933)
  • Tulips Shall Grow (1940)
  • Mighty Joe Young (RKO, 1949) – Academy Award for Best Visual Effects
  • This Is Cinerama (1952)

History of Stop-motion animation from 1897 to present

Stop-motion Animated Television Shows

Different Types of Stop-motion Animation

  • Camberwick Green-1966
  • Trumpton-1967
  • Bob the Builder-1981-2008
  • Pingu- 1986-2006
  • The PJs-1999-2001
  • Angry Kid-1999-2007
  • Jojos Circus-2003-2013
  • Lavender Castle-1999-2000
  • Postman Pat-1981-2008
  • Robot Chicken-2005

Puppet

Cutout

Graphic

Claymation

Puppet animation entails photographing each changing movement of the puppet to produce the final stop-motion effect. The film "The Humpty Dumpty Circus," released in 1908 and created by J. Stuart Blackton and Albert Smith, receives credit as the first stop-motion film featuring puppet animation.

Cutout-animation, using cutouts from paper and other two-dimensional objects, dates back to 1917, when Argentinian filmmaker Quirino Cristiani released "El Apostol". Today, filmmakers often employ computers and vector graphics to produce cutouts for stop-motion animated films, which saves time and offers more options for special effects.

By Finn Naughton

Graphic stop-motion animation combines flat-cel animation and drawing animation, in addition to direct manipulation animation. Images are altered frame by frame to produce the effects of stop-motion. J. Stuart Blackton's stop-motion animated film, "Humorous Phases of Funny Faces," was released in 1906 and utilised chalk animation.

In the early 1900s animators used plasticine to create characters and special effects using a technique called claymation. One of the earliest feature films to employ claymation, Billy Bitzer's "A Sculptor's Welsh Rarebit Nightmare". The clay figure can be adjusted slightly and snapped by a camera every time it has been changed. When all the photos have been merged together, it looks as if the clay figure is moving on its own.

Timeline of stop-motion films.

2009

1887

2000

1913

1906

1986

1917

1949

1955

1933

1960

1993

1925

1978

Coraline-2009

The Humpty Dumpty Circus-1887

Humorous phases of funny faces-1906

Chicken Run-2000

The Transformers-1986

Romeo and Juliet-1917

The Insects Christmas-1913

King Kong-1933

The Lost World-1925

Dinosaurus!-1960

Mighty Joe Young-1949

The Nightmare before Christmas-1993

It Came from Beneath the Sea-1955

Mouse Mania-1978

The Humpty Dumpty Circus was made in the year of 1897 by J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith (the founders of Vitagraph studios. This film introduced the stop-motion technique. The film featured a circus with acrobats and animals moving by themselves. According to Smith, they used his daughter's set of small circus dolls, which had jointed limbs so they could be balanced in place. Unfortunately this piece of work was lost and has never been found.

This stop-motion film was directed by James Stuart Blackton, the man who created the Humpty Dumpty circus. Film historians see it as the first animated film recorded on standard picture film. Two types of animation are used in this film, both stop-motion and cut-out animation. The film was created using 20fps, which means 20 pictures were taken to make up 1 second of the film. This film was also released by Vitagraph, just like the Humpty Dumpty circus.

In 1916, the first woman animator, Helena Smith Dayton decided to experiment with stop motion animation using clay as characters and props. She decided to make the film about the classic novel Romeo and Juliet. This was her first ever film and was released in 1917.

This film is a 1993 American stop motion musical fantasy film and is very popular around Halloween. It was produced and written by Tim Burton. In total there were 109,440 frames taken for the movie. The filmmakers constructed 227 puppets to represent the characters in the movie, with Jack Skellington having "around four hundred heads", allowing the expression of every possible emotion. This technique is very effective and is still being in stop-motion animation films today for example: Coraline.

Chicken Run was Aardman Animations' first feature length production. During the production of the film, 30 sets were used with 80 animators working along with 180 people working overall. Despite this, one minute of film was completed with each week of filming. To date, it is the highest grossing stop motion animated movie, so evidently the film was successful.

Coraline is a 2009 American stop-motion 3D dark fantasy film. Coraline was staged in a 140,000-square-foot (13,000 m2) warehouse in Hillsboro, Oregon. More than 28 animators would be working at any one time on rehearsing or shooting scenes, producing 90–100 seconds of finished animation each week. At its peak, the film involved the efforts of 450 people. The puppets had separate parts for the upper and lower parts of the head, that could be exchanged for different facial expressions. This technique was taken from "The nightmare before Christmas".

King Kong is a 1933 American fantasy monster/adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack. The film has inspired many animators, especially the scene where Kong climbs the empire state building. This film also inspired one of the greatest animators of all time, Ray Harryhausen into making stop motion films.

The Transformers was created in 1986 and is an animated feature film based on the animated TV series by the same name. The film was budgeted at $6 million, six times greater than the budget used to create 90 minutes of the regular cartoon series. Nelson Shin's team of almost one hundred personnel normally took three months to make one episode of the series, so, despite the extra budget, it took a lot of time to maker the film, whilst also continuing production on the TV series at the same time.

This film is about a Father Christmas ornament climbing down from a decorated tree, and goes to the forest. There he creates and decorates a Christmas tree for the forest creatures. He then invites all the insects, along with a friendly frog, to come and enjoy the gifts he has prepared, and to celebrate Christmas. This stop-motion film creates great Christmas atmosphere and is a great film for festive celebrations.

Dinosaurus! is a 1960 science fiction film directed by Irvin Yeaworth and produced by Jack H. Harris. The movie is about American men building a harbour on a Caribbean island when they accidentally uncover two dinosaurs that have been frozen in suspended animation for millions of years. The dinosaurs were filmed using the technique of stop-motion animation as well as puppets for close-ups. The style is very much like Ray Harryhausen films and is created in the same way and using the same camera techniques.

This is an American science fiction film designed to showcase the special model-animated effects of Ray Harryhausen. To keep shooting costs low, director Robert Gordon shot inside an actual submarine, both above and under water, using handheld cameras.The octopus effects were done by Ray Harryhausen; however, the budget was getting slightly out of hand. For this reason, Katzman allowed Harryhausen only enough money to animate six of the octopus' arms and two were cut off. So Harryhausen jokingly named the giant octopus "the sixtopus."

Mouse Mania was the first stop-motion animation about the cartoon character Mickey Mouse. This short film inspired many other films to be made revolving around Mickey Mouse. Today Mickey Mouse is very popular in cartoons and this film played a huge part in the history of Mickey Mouse.

Mighty Joe Young is a black and white feature film made by the same creative team responsible for King Kong. The film was directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack. It tells the story of a young woman living on her father's farm in Africa, who ends up bringing the title character, a giant gorilla, to Hollywood. Mighty Joe Young won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, so evidently the stop-motion animation in the films were outstanding for the time.

The Lost World was created in 1925 directed by Harry O. Hoyt and the stop-motion used in the film was by Willis O'Brien. This film is an adaption of the Novel "The Lost World" which was written in 1912. The film is about dinasours still walking the earth, and has many aspects of stop-motion to create the surreal creatures e.g. dinasours, as special effects were not around.

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