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Biomechanics

'DRAG'

In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance or fluid resistance) refers to forces which act on a solid object in the direction of the relative fluid flow velocity. Unlike other resistive forces such as dry friction, which is nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity.

Drag forces always decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path.

Drag plays a vary large role on many factors in everyday life whether it is driving a car, riding a bike, playing a sport or simply just walking. Within drag, there are many subtitles that contribute as factors that are responsible for changing the amount of drag a certain object has. These include all different objects such as clothing, density of fluid/air, equipment, and body positioning. Drag is influenced by resistance and velocity and it causes changes/decreases in speed on a moving object.

Amount of Drag relies on the shape of the object that is moving through air or fluid and the surface area of the object.

Imagine a bus at speed. At the front of the bus the air can separate and flow around the bus, but there is still forwards acceleration at the front of the bus. The back of the bus introduces a moving low pressure as it passes through a volume of air, and this accelerates air forwards. In the case of the bus, most of the acceleration of air occurs at the back of the bus.

It has been scientifically proven that a modified tear drop shape reduces drag, by gradually introducing the "void" at the "rear" of the shape that requires much less forwards acceleration of air. This example is most likely seen as an airplane wing.

Drag plays a very significant role in swimming. A swimmer must always be trying to decrease the most amount of drag they can to glide through the water easier and to perrform at their best. Things such as technique, body position, limb position, head position and clothing all play large factors in the amount of drag while swimming.

Here is a video of how your body should be positioned to decrease as much drag as possible and to maximize speed and performance.

Physics is extremely significant in a swimmer’s efficiency and stroke. In a sport where a fraction of a second can make all the difference, many factors have to be taken into account. Drag from the water is the primary obstacle for any swimmer. The swimmer’s technique while moving through the water has a significant impact as well.

Professional runners as always working on improving their speed, and to do so they must look at the specific aerodynamics and drag that is forced upon their body. The first step to optimising your performance is to reduce this drag.

There are two main drag factors in running. These are CLOTHING and BODY POSITIONING. Baggy clothing and long hair cause a slight but measurable increase in your aerodynamic drag. If you were wearing a baggy sweater and track pants while running, the air does not have a smooth area to flow around. Whereas if you were to wear tight fitted clothing, the air would have less to catch on to, making it easier to glide through the air, allowing your body to move at faster speeds. If you have trained optimally and have the perfect runner’s lifestyle, then it may be worth the effort to go aerodynamic. The small benefit to be gained from form-fitting clothing and short hair may just get you across the finish line fractionally faster.

A runner must practice the technique of hand positioning and proper feet positioning to have an optimal performance. Even though runners vary on technique, they do not vary on the desire to decrease as much drag as possible, meaning they all work on running technique to allow their bodies to move at faster paces through the air.

The competitive paddler becomes aware much sooner that a little more knowledge could improve the performance of themselves and their craft, but the 'drag factor' is usually not considered as part of that knowledge. To move the boat, your paddle creates drag and resistance when being pushed through the water. Due to the large surface area the paddle is able to grab onto more water to push the boat to help it accelerate. Another drag factor in paddling is the paddler. These people are always aware of their body position to minimize the amount of drag to help glide through the air easier and faster.

Professional athletes actually use drag to train for running. Football players, soccer players, rugby players; all athletes that take part in running based sports can work against drag and resistance to produce positive outcomes which will allow the runner to become quicker and more efficient.

hhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/physics.html

hhttp://runningtimes.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=6065

ttp://www.sutherlandshire.canoe.org.au/?Page=11491&MenuID=Preparation%2F13325%2F0%2F

ttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/4forces.html

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/drag1.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)

Bibliography

What is Drag?

Interesting Facts

What Causes Drag?

Recreational/Professional Paddling

Drag: SWIMMING

Drag: RUNNING/SPRINTING

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