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Agricultural Intensification

- full of forests (wood resources) and a great landscape was existing (ability to earn for example wheat)

-wood was used to build their ships and houses.

-resources had a huge influence of the communication to other civilizations for the export market.

-Later on the humidity and the coastal climate changed their situation of having resources

-The inscription of papyrus, wood and clay tables disappeared quickly and even the stone inscriptions were being exposed to the wind, rain or frost.

The Great Civilizations of Phoenicia

Improved the skill of Glass Making

  • Did not invent glass, but invented the free-blowing technique around 50 B.C.
  • As a result, artisans could create a wider range of glass items;
  • Craftspeople could make much more transparent glassware than the previous version.
  • It influences the development of glasses in nowadays.

Free-Blowing Technique

Purple Dye

Cuneiform

Alphabet

-->

Purple Dye=Royalty

The Phoenicians were likely the first people to develop a purple dye, which as a monopoly and sold it to the wealthy at exorbitant prices. Since only high ranking nobles or government officials could afford this kind of garment, the purple dye soon symbolized as the royalty, which the connotation still survives into today.

Job Specialization

Development of Alphabet

-The Phoenician society were fascinaters of academics and lovers of history.

-businessmen deals with the im- and exporting of the market

-Communication was involved to get resources which didn't exist in Phoenicia.

-Big steps were made with the development of important materials such as glass.

Development of Navigation Techniques

The Phoenicians were expert to sailing

Discovered the method of using the North Star to determine direction.

Sail on the open seas and in the ocean, rather than ship along the coastline.

Phoenician sailors passed this important information on to the Greeks and other Mediterranean cultures; and influence the discovery of America, as well as the world-trip in the future.

Cuneiform--> Alphabet

Found all symbols can be read as 22 symbols.

The earliest 22 alphabet symbols for consonants, but no vowels

Influenced the Greeks and Romans through trading.

[The Greeks added vowel sounds later on.]

Social Structures &Classes: Hierarchy

King- Social Class-->Middle Class-->Working Class

Developed into the exact one we use in nowadays.

Not only influenced English, but also many other languages in the world.

  • Chariya, Peter, Christian, Noah, Michelle

Social Structures &Classes

King

  • King as a God agent
  • The Ruler of the entire kingdom
  • Not a part of the hierarchy
  • Divine Agents
  • All belongs to the King
  • Appointed elite officers

Cities and Centralized government / laws.

1.Social Class

Phoenicia was separated into independent states/cities with each own king to control the city.

  • Utmost Importance
  •  Held major powers and Aristocracy
  •  Government officials, land owners and priests

2. Middle Class

TRADE

Responsible for daily needs

 Farmers, fishermen, craftsmen and merchants.

 Also enjoyed certain privileges and rights as the social class

(In order protect them from law to a certain extent)

 Responsible for fulfilling daily needs

(Food and other material goods)

 Trade- Running the economy of the kingdom

Some of the major cities were Tyre, Saidon, Byblos, Arward and Serepta.

State Religion

Phoenician religion was inspired by the powers and processes of nature. They worshiped so many gods, however, were known in their local names.

  • Additionally, this civilization is also famous for its abilities on navigation.

  • Thanks to the characteristics of their ships they could navigate in every condition.

  • Thanks to their abilities and developed vessels, the Phoenicians reached France, Spain, Sicily and beyond the Strait of Gibraltar.

3.Working Class

  • The lowest level citizens
  •  The servants and the slaves
  •  Slaves are responsible for serving the riches
  •  Had the least set of rights in the society, but still protected by the laws and regulations of society
  •  They have rights to speak for themselves by the law
  • (When uppermost class was harsh and treated them badly)
  •  Owns the right of earning money and using it to buy back their freedom
  • Free to pay the price for their freedom, and join the middle class

• Adon

• Anath

• Astarte (or Ashtarte)

• Baal, El

• Baal-Hammon

• Melqart

Examples:

Kingship was the oldest form for leadership in Phoenicia.

There are no record of the Phoenician laws

  • Length: 20-30 meters
  • Width: 6-7 meters
  • Crew: 20 people
  • Weight: 100-150 tons

Astarte

•Their main economic system was based on export of raw materials.

•They were specialized on glass, purple pigment derived from death shells (purpura) and copper.

•The name Phoenician comes from the Greek word phoinix which means purple color.

•Phoenicians traded a huge amount of metals such as gold, silver and tin.

Merchant ship

Melqart

Baal-Hammon

Baal

Army

  • Phoenicians did not have an actual army; however, in one occasion this civilization deployed its army in order to conquer Cyprus.

  • Meanwhile, many years later Carthage (Phoenician colony) will conquer Spain Sicily and Sardinia. Additionally, they attacked Rome.

Art & Architecture

Battleship

  • Length: 35-40 meters
  • Width: 6 meters
  • Rowers: 85 per side
  • Soldiers: 50

- Phoenicians were famous for:

- Metal

- Ivory

- Glass

- Terra cotta,

- wood & stone

Ivory

- Ivory was known as precious commodity

Terra Cotta Mask

- Terra cotta masks were used for celebration

- Shows happiness

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