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“The bodies of irrational animals are bent toward the ground, whereas man was made to walk upright with his eyes on heaven, as though to remind him to keep his thoughts on things above.”

"Dark Ages": Western Europe

Roman influence on German Culture

Fall of Rome?

  • contact w/ Roman empire since late republic (Caesar subdued Gaul)
  • adopted elements of Roman culture (written law codes, Christianity)

St. Augustine of Hippo

c. 400 C.E

Roman Church

  • North African Bishop
  • City of God: division between superior 'spiritual' reality and chaotic material world
  • The church filled the power vacuum and acted as a preserver of Roman culture
  • As the state authority crumbled, Western Romans sought refuge in the Church

Pope gained authority as bishop of Rome

Pope Leo I & Attila the Hun

Dark Ages?

  • decline in literacy

500-800 C.E

  • decline in urban life
  • decline in trade and commercial enterprise

Germanic Kingdoms

The Franks

Germanic Culture

  • Kinship bonds & family ties
  • Germanic tribe with lasting kingdom
  • Very patriarchal
  • Conversion of King Clovis to Christianity (496 C.E)
  • Salic Law: personal (rather than communal)

*Linked to Roman Past

ordeal

wergild

  • Eventually the Franks controlled all of Gaul and parts of Italy

warrior culture

Charlemagne

768-814 C.E

"Father of Europe"

King of Franks, Lombards, Saxons & Emperor of Rome

  • expanded Frankish dominion

Methods of Control?

scriptorium: connected to monastaries, transcribed books (generally religious)

  • use of the missi

Vellum: thin animal skin used as paper

  • educational reforms

Carolingian Renaissance

  • conversion of the Saxons; standardize Christian practices

Divisio Regnorum

  • Frankish custom of dividing territory --> extreme decentralization)
  • Oaths of Strasburg 842

In summary

  • Divergence of "French" West and "German" East
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