Artificial Evolution for Computer Graphics
Karl Sims
how "evolutionary techniques of variation and selection can be used to create complex simulated ... textures"
Thinking Machines Corporation (1991)
Graphics and Genetic Algorithm
3d Plant Structures
Symbolic Expressions as Genotypes
LISP Machine
S-expressions
+, -, *, /, mod, round, min, max, abs, expt, log, and, 
        or, xor, sin, cos, atan, if, dissolve, hsv-to-rgb, vector, 
transform-vector, bw-noise, color-noise, warped-bw-noise, 
warped-color-noise, blur, band-pass, grad-mag, grad-dir, 
        bump, ifs, warped-ifs, warp-abs, warp-rel, warp-by-grad.

a. X
b. Y
c. (abs X)
d. (mod X (abs Y))
e. (and X Y)
f. (bw-noise .2 2)
g. (color-noise .1 2)
h. (grad-direction (bw-noise .15 2) .0 .0)
i. (warped-color-noise (* X .2) Y .1 2)

- A random scalar value such as .4
- A random 3-element vector such as #(.42 .23 .69)
- A variable such as the X or Y pixel coordinates.
- Another lisp expression which returns a b/w or color image.
Basic Images
A recursive mutation scheme is used to mutate expressions. Lisp expressions are traversed as tree structures and each node is in turn subject to possible mutations. Each type of mutation occurs at different frequencies depending on the type of node:

   1. Any node can mutate into a new random expression. This allows for large changes, and usually results in a fairly significant alteration of the phenotype.
 

2.  If the node is a scalar value, it can be adjusted by the addition of some random amount.
3. If the node is a vector, it can be adjusted by adding random amounts to each element.
4. If the node is a function, it can mutate into a different function. For example (abs X) might become (cos X). If this mutation occurs, the arguments of the function are also adjusted if necessary to the correct number and types.
5. An expression can become the argument to a new random function. Other arguments are generated at random if necessary. For example X might become (* X .3).
6. An argument to a function can jump out and become the new value for that node. For example (* X .3) might become X. This is the inverse of the previous type of mutation.
Finally, a node can become a copy of another node from the parent expression. For example (+ (abs X) (* Y .6)) might become (+ (abs (* Y .6)) (* Y .6)). This causes effects similar to those caused by mating an expression with itself. It allows for sub-expressions to duplicate themselves within the overall expression. 
80 - 100
20
2
40

(round (log (+ y (color-grad (round (+ (abs (round         (log (+ y (color-grad (round (+ y (log (invert y) 15.5)) x) 3.1 1.86 #(0.95 0.7 0.59) 1.35)) 0.19) x)) (log (invert y) 15.5)) x) 3.1 1.9 #(0.95 0.7 0.35) 1.35)) 0.19) x)

Pyevolve
Bad Practice
def gp_log(a): return log(a)
def gp_add(a, b): return a+b
def gp_sub(a, b): return a-b
def gp_mul(a, b): return a*b
def gp_sqrt(a):    return sqrt(abs(a))
gp_mul ( gp_sqrt ( gp_makeartg ( gp_sub ( gp_makeart3 ( gp_add ( gp_makeart3 ( gp_log ( b  ) )gp_invert ( gp_makeartg ( c  ) ) ) )gp_add ( gp_makeartc ( gp_sub ( gp_invert ( a  )gp_abssin ( c  ) ) )gp_makeartd ( gp_makeart2 ( gp_makeart2 ( a  ) ) ) ) ) ) )gp_cos ( gp_makeartb ( gp_makeartc ( gp_makeartc ( gp_makeartf ( gp_makeart3 ( gp_abssin ( a  ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Judge each image
Mutation + Mating
Haven't make interface
PIL