Landscape of Wireless Communications

Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

• RTT
• EDGE
• EV-DO x1 Rev 0, Rev A, Rev B and x3 standards.
• Flash-OFDM
• GPRS
• HSPA D and U standards.
• LTE
• UMTS over W-CDMA
• UMTS-TDD
• Wi-Fi: 802.11 standard
• WiMAX: 802.16 standard

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

• Wi-Fi: 802.11a (WiFi-2), 802.11b(WiFi-1), 802.11g(WiFi-3), 802.11n(WiFi-4), 802.11ac(WiFi-5), 802.11ax(WiFi-6) standards.

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

• Bluetooth V4.0 with standard protocol and with low energy protocol
• IEEE 802.15.4-2006
• Wireless USB
• UWB
• 6loWPAN
• ZigBee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyriaNed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging

Landscape of

Wireless Communications

Feedback form: http://goo.gl/forms/s2ytVqioCK

http://goo.gl/nTi9iF

Electromagnetic waves

299 792 458 m/sec

Electric current (electric signal in copper)

Magnetism

http://prezi.com/7juhryua6d-c/magnetism/

Sound

340.29 m/sec

Mechanical

MEMS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems

wavelength = speed of the wave / freq

0.01 nm

380 nm

100,000 km

700 nm

10 nm

1 mm

Wavelength

430 THz

790 THz

300 GHz

30 EHz

Frequency

30 PHz

3 Hz

Low freq waves

Cosmic

Visible

Radio

Infrared

Gamma

Ultraviolet

X-ray

100 GHz

1 GHz

um-band

300-3000 GHz

Microwave

30 Hz

3 Hz

30 KHz

300 GHz

30 GHz

300 KHz

300 MHz

3 MHz

300 Hz

3 GHz

3 KHz

30 MHz

12

5

7

1

3

4

6

2

8

9

10

11

300 GHz

3 THz

Far-IR

Near IR

Middle IR

300 THz

30 THz

THF

VLF

ELF

SLF

LF

MF

VHF

UHF

ULF

HF

SHF

EHF

kilo meter

Deca meter

Hecta meter

Meter

Centi meter

milli meter

Deci meter

300 MHz

30 MHz

300 KHz

3 MHz

30 GHz

3 GHz

3 KHz

300 MHz

300 GHz

300 KHz

30 MHz

30 GHz

3 MHz

3 GHz

C-band

4-8 GHz

S-band

2-4 GHz

X-band

8-12 GHz

Mm-band

110-300 GHz

Ka-band

18-27 GHz

Ku-band

12-18 GHz

V-band

40-75 GHz

W-band

75-110 GHz

Fixed Satellite Service

Direct Broadcast Satellite

Multiples of 100 KHz

CMMB

Satellite

(2635-2660 MHz)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_satellites

20X10 = 200 radio stations

RRBS (Rural Remote Broadband Systems

LTE-A

GNSS

• GPS (USA) 31
• GLONASS (Russia) 29
• Galileo (EU) 7/30
• Beidou-2/Compass (china) 18/35

25 video, 30 Radio, few data channels

(470-862 MHz)

Terrestrial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting

3550 MHz to 3700 MHz

TV band devices

27.9 MHz

49 MHz

14-20

IEEE 802.16

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Amateur TV

406 MHz

Distress radio beacon

Régional Satellite Navigation

• IRNSS (India) 4/7
• Beidou (china)
• QZSS (Japan) 1/4
• (France)

XBee 802.15.4

XBee-PRO 802.15.4

XBee DigiMesh 2.4

XBee-PRO DigiMesh 2.4

XBee ZB

XBee-PRO ZB

XBee ZB SMT

XBee-PRO ZB SMT

XBee SE

XBee-PRO SE

XBee-PRO 900HP

XBee-PRO 900 (Legacy)

XBee-PRO XSC (S3B)

XBee-PRO DigiMesh 900 (Legacy)

XBee-PRO 868

XBee 865/868LP

Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)

5.8 GHz

Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT)

52-61

https://www.transferjet.org/tj/transferjet_overview.pdf

personal locator beacons (PLB)

2.3 GHz

2.5 GHz

3.5 GHz

2.3-26.1MHz

14 bands

5kHz channel spacing

IEEE 802.11af

Hydrogen Lymn Alpha

Digital

2187.5 KHz

4207.5 KHz

6312 KHz

8414.5 KHz

12577 KHz

16804.5 KHz

156.525 MHz

AM:

Expanded band

Analog

500 KHz

2182 KHz

4125 KHz

6215 KHz

8291 KHz

12.29 MHz

16.42 MHz

121.5 MHz

156.8 MHz

243 MHz

902-924 MHz

White-Fi

Super WiFi

LUNA ring

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolocation

800 MHz (790-862) - ITU-1

700 MHz (698-806) - ITU-2

FCC : 75 MHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Denial_System

2.45 GHz

802.15.4

5.9 GHz

ETSI : 30 MHz

DVB-S

11/12 GHz

http://blog.atlasrfidstore.com/which-rfid-frequency-is-right-for-your-application

315 MHz

433.92 MHz

Internet of things

6LoWPAN

DVB-SH

L-band

S-band (<3GHz)

http://www.shimz.co.jp/english/theme/dream/lunaring.html

Amateur Satellite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodetermination

5 GHz

60 GHz

http://threadgroup.org/

http://www.neul.com/neul/

38-51

310 MHz - US

433 MHz - EU

http://www.shimz.co.jp/english/theme/dream/lunaring-mv.html

http://ww2.amsat.org/

http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?doc_id=1320744&page_number=1

2332.5 - 2345 MHz

2320 - 2332.5 MHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio

11,000km x 400km

470-854 MHz

HomeRF

2.4 GHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_dividend_after_digital_television_transition

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/LNB_1.JPG

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS

72 MHz

75 MHz

TV band device

174-230 MHz

470-862 MHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_power_transmission

5.8 GHz

2.4 GHz

1.9 GHz

900 MHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

7-13

DAB

IEEE 802.22

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter_wave_scanner

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_transceiver

Amateur Radio / Ham Radio

21-36

WRAN

315 MHz

433.92 MHz

868 MHz

(Wireless Regional Area Network)

5-6

915 MHz

Industrial/Commercial

microwave ovens

DVB-H

170-230 MHz

470-862 MHz

1.452-1.492 GHz

Ultra WideBand (UWB)

Released specifications

• ZigBee Home Automation 1.2
• ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1b
• ZigBee Telecommunication Services 1.0
• ZigBee Health Care 1.0
• ZigBee RF4CE – Remote Control 1.0
• ZigBee RF4CE – Input Device 1.0
• ZigBee Light Link 1.0
• ZigBee IP 1.0
• ZigBee Building Automation 1.0
• ZigBee Gateway 1.0
• ZigBee Green Power 1.0 as optional feature of ZigBee 2012

Specifications under development

• ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0
• ZigBee Retail Services
• ZigBee Smart Energy 1.2/1.3
• ZigBee Light Link 1.1
• ZigBee Home Automation 1.3

153kHz-279kHz

9kHz spacing

400-500 MHz

27 MHz

"Part 15" 49 MHz

Klystron

(Velocity modulation tubes)

ISO 18000-7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time_and_frequency_signal_service

Two cavity klystrons

2.4 GHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DASH7

3.1 - 10.6 GHz

Terrestrial

Analog (NTSC/PAL/SECAM)

Digital (ATSC/DVB-T/ISDB-T/DTMB)

AM: Short wave

Magnetron

802.15

-ve Resistance Magnetron

Cyclotron freq Magnetron

Traveling wave magnetron

https://wisp.wikispaces.com/

T-DMB

"Wall-E" Movie clip

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)

Attribute Profile (ATT)

Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)

Basic Imaging Profile (BIP)

Basic Printing Profile (BPP)

Common ISDN Access Profile (CIP)

Cordless Telephony Profile (CTP)

Device ID Profile (DIP)

Dial-up Networking Profile (DUN)

Fax Profile (FAX)

File Transfer Profile (FTP)

Generic Audio/Video Distribution Profile (GAVDP)

Generic Access Profile (GAP)

Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)

Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP)

Hard Copy Cable Replacement Profile (HCRP)

Health Device Profile (HDP)

Hands-Free Profile (HFP)

Human Interface Device Profile (HID)

Headset Profile (HSP)

Intercom Profile (ICP)

LAN Access Profile (LAP)

Message Access Profile (MAP)

OBject EXchange (OBEX)

Object Push Profile (OPP)

Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN)

Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP, PBA)

Proximity Profile (PXP)

Serial Port Profile (SPP)

Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP)

SIM Access Profile (SAP, SIM, rSAP)

Synchronization Profile (SYNCH)

Video Distribution Profile (VDP)

Wireless Application Protocol Bearer (WAPB)

AM: Medium wave

530kHz-1610kHz

9kHz spacing

Twister Movie clip

http://johndayautomotivelectronics.com/alcatel-lucent-launches-lte-connected-car-from-qnx-platform/

5G

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_System

ITS

Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)

Vehicle to Roadside (V2R)

Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)

DVB-NGH

TV channel 8,12

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_car

2.4 - 2.48 GHz

20 kHz

2.5 MHz

5 MHz

10 MHz

15 MHz

20 MHz

25 MHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communications

AM: Long wave

2.5 GHz

Residential Microwave ovens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11p

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_communication_systems

802.11ah

530 KHz

1610 KHz

1710 KHz

900 MHz

http://www.dailywireless.org/2013/08/30/802-11ah-wifi-standard-for-900mhz/

Health care profiles

HTP — for medical temperature measurement devices

GLP — for blood glucose monitors

BLP — for blood pressure measurement

Sports and fitness profiles

HRP — for devices which measure heart rate

CSCP — for sensors attached to a bicycle

RSCP — running speed and cadence profile

CPP — cycling power profile

LNP — location and navigation profile

Proximity sensing

FMP — the "find me" profile

PXP — the proximity profile

Alerts and time profiles

The phone alert status profile and alert notification profile

The time profile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelers'_information_station

DCF77

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPlay

http://www.telecomlead.com/telecom-services/trai-reserve-pri%C2%ADce-for-1800-mhz-and-900-mhz-spectrum-auction-announced-53584

ITU-R TF.460-6

Guglielmo Marconi ++

http://www.nplindia.org/time-and-frequency-standards

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235132088_Standard_Time_and_Frequency_Signal_Dissemination_Service_Via_Indian_Domestic_Satellite_INSAT-1B

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting

http://genesisradio.com.au/VK2DX/time_signals.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maser

2.4 GHz

802.11 b/g

WiFi Positioning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting

LPAM

LPFM

LPTV

Typically, lightning discharges 30,000 amperes, at up to 100 million volts, and emits light, radio waves, x-rays and even gamma rays. Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000 kelvins and electron densities may exceed 1024/m3

IEEE 1902.1

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Rattling_Earth%27s_Force_Field.ogv

900 MHz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliance

WirelessHD / UltraGig

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_atmospheric_electrical_circuit

http://transition.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/amfmrule.html#LPFM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBee

http://transition.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/amfmrule.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity

FM-UWB

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/WirelessHD

WiFi : 802.11 b channels

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels

2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.9 GHz bands

5 GHz (802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax)

4.9 GHz (802.11y)

3.65 GHz (802.11y)

60 GHz (802.11ad/ay)

2.4 GHz (802.11 b/g/n/ax)

5.9 GHz (802.11p)

Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)

5.9 GHz 802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax)

Public safety WLAN

5 GHz (802.11 j)

6 GHz 802.11 ax)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite

802.11af

802.11ah

Sub GigaHz

900MHz

WhiteFi / Super WiFi

IoT

Ref: http://www.moonblinkwifi.com/2point4freq.cfm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Solar_Power_Exploratory_Research_and_Technology_program

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11

Panasonic Avionics' eXConnect

ViaSat's speedier Ka-band Exede

Row 44's Ku-band solution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

Unlicensed radio bands:

• ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical)
• U-NII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure)
• UPCS (Unlicensed Personal Communications Services)

http://www.engadget.com/2014/04/25/guide-to-inflight-wifi/

http://airfax.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Panasonic-ICSSC-eXConnect-Paper-Aug-08-2013-Final-Copy.pdf

430 THz

400 THz

TV Band devices (below 900MHz and in 3GHz)

U-NII Low (U-NII - 1)

484 THz

215 THz

526 THz

U-NII Mid (U-NII - 2)

508 THz

5470-5725 MHz

U-NII worldwide (U-NII 2e)

100 THz

606 THz

U-NII Upper (U-NII 3)

668 THz

5350-5470 MHz

http://www.fiercewireless.com/tech/story/fcc-charges-ahead-5-ghz-wi-fi-spectrum-plan/2013-02-20

GSM Freq bands

Licensing of "x-ray" and "Infrared"

UMTS TDD

UMTS FDD freq bands

0.2 nm

5850-5925 MHz

LTE Bands

IR-C

IR-A

IR-B

200 nm

ISM Bands

10 pm

10 nm

122 nm

121 nm

10 nm

https://transition.fcc.gov/bureaus/oet/ea/presentations/files/oct14/51-New-Rules-for-UNII-Bands,-Oct-2014-TN.pdf

400 nm

Extreme UV

Far UV

Near UV

Middle UV

789 THz

300 nm

300 GHz

U-NNI

Vacuum UV

Soft X-rays

Hard X-ray

Blue

Yellow

Green

Indigo

Orange

Red

Violet

THANK YOU

Feedback form: http://goo.gl/forms/s2ytVqioCK

-RadhaKrishna

radhakrishna.arvapally@gmail.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Arkrishna

Business card (directly add to your contacts)

L

E

S

U

C

O

10 nm

315 nm

280 nm

UV-A

UV-C

UV-B

400 nm

570 nm

750 nm

620 nm

495 nm

UPCS

1920-1930 MHz

1910-1920 MHz

2390-2400 MHz

590 nm

450 nm

100 nm

380 nm

Items in progress:

Smart Dust

Nest

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

Super WiFi (IEEE 802.22)

Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT)

IEEE 802.11

Wireless local loop (WLL),

CT

MRI

iBurst

Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), Radio In The Loop (RITL), Fixed-Radio Access (FRA), Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) and Metro Wireless (MW).

WiBAS

ALU Light switch (Optical switch)

802.16

802.16e (Mobile WiMax)

Sensor n/w: ANT 6LoWPAN DASH7 ONE-NET ZigBee Z-Wave Wibree WirelessHART 802.15.4 MiWi

Hardware Iris Mote Sun SPOT Xbee Arduino

mote & waspmote

WiBro (Wireless Broadband) Korea 2.3G-2.4G

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_card

older 125 kHz devices or the newer 13.56 MHz contactless smartcards.

Applications:

Nuclear medical imaging like

PET (Positron emission tomography) scan,

SPECT (Single-photon emission computed tomography)

Bone scintigraphy

Applications:

• Security Check
• X-Ray radiography/Imaging
• x-ray
• CT
• DEXA/DXA (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry) Bone Mineral Density

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light_communication

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi

Applications:

Remote Control

Fiber Optic Lasers

irDA (IR communication between processors)

Thermal Imaging

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RONJA

Applications:

• Aqua Purifier
• Medical Sterilizers
• Black Lights
• Gas Discharge Lamps
• UV Lasers
• Vitamin-D Production

WiSUN

ISA100.11A

WirelessHART

Trusted Wireless I/O

Profibus

Fieldbus

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniPro

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniPro_protocol_stack

http://www.mipi.org/specifications/unipro-specifications

Body area Networks

GAN - Global

WAN

MAN

CAN - Campus

LAN

HAN

PAN

BAN

FAN

SAN

CAN

--------------------

frequencies used by blackbox

37.5 kilohertz (cycles per second) — the same frequency emitted by flight data recorders

"pinger" tones

"Aviation band radios operate in the frequency range 108MHz-137MHz

The ping frequency of 37.5 kilohertz is specifically chosen to be unique from all the buzzes, clicks and other sounds of nautical animals.

Every plane’s black box is equipped with a radio transmitter that serves as an acoustic homing beacon and has a battery life of 30 to 45 days, depending on environmental factors. The ping frequency of 37.5 kilohertz is specifically chosen to be unique from all the buzzes, clicks and other sounds of nautical animals.

Honeywell Aerospace, which made the boxes in the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, said the Underwater Acoustic Beacons on both the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder operate at a frequency of 37.5 kilohertz plus or minus 1 kilohertz.

wireless networks centers on WirelessHART and ISA 100

-----------------

laser hair removal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_radio_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio

WirelessHART

ISA 100

---------------------------

Harald Haas : Wireless data from every light bulb

Beamcaster

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar

Non linear photolithography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_engraving

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6472397&tp=?ALU=LU1036607

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STED_microscopy

http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/twolaser-lithography-shrinks-transistors-on-the-cheap

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_light

DUV Lithography

Laser weapons

Laser Distance measure

Laser show

Holographic Video Conferencing

Laser Radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_applications

CWDM

DWDM

Laser

• 1270 nm
• 1290 nm
• 1310 nm
• 1330 nm
• 1350 nm
• 1370 nm
• 1390 nm
• 1410 nm
• 1430 nm
• 1450 nm
• 1470 nm
• 1490 nm
• 1510 nm
• 1530 nm
• 1550 nm
• 1570 nm
• 1590 nm
• 1610 nm

http://www.ist-emobility.org/WorkingGroups/Roadmaps/eMobility_B3G4GRMWG_WhitePaper_Final.pdf

3D TV

Light Polarization