Audio Transcript Auto-generated
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Hi,
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my name is jasmine Bryant and I did my
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individual presentation on Tourette's syndrome or living with ticks.
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Um so to kind of jump right into it.
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Um, some of you may have may have already heard of Tourette's syndrome,
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but I will be just discussing what Tourette's syndrome is,
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as well as why it occurs uh the anatomy and
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physiology aspect of it and if there's any treatments available.
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Um So to write syndrome is characterized by an involuntary movements or sounds,
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which is how it became, which is also known as ticks.
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And ticks can be classified into two different categories.
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One is going to be simple and then the other is going to be complex.
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So simple tics normally involves only one group of muscles and it
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might consist of on something like eye blinking or throat clearing.
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And then here's just an example that I included
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in that.
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And then as I said that there is also complex tics which is actually more elaborate.
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Um This has actions
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like reaching out for something or the involuntary use of a scene which are custom.
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Um, This is known as cordelia
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and then here is an example of that
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and this is the most common form used to
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portray Tourette syndrome in like movies and tv shows.
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Um although it's not most common in the actual
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The disease itself,
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but only occurs in about 20% of cases of people work to rest syndrome.
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So to kind of jump right into why Tourette's syndrome
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occurs or happens.
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Tourette's syndrome is actually very poorly
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understood within the science community.
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Um, so the exact cause of it is unknown still.
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Um but there are studies that suggest that an important
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role for a group of structures known as the basil ganglia
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um
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plays a role in why to write syndrome occurs. So the basil ganglia
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includes
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the cadet,
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which is going to be up here.
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It also includes the german,
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the global
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palette is, so I'm pointing to it, but you can't see
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the substantial Niagara
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which is going to be up here.
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And then lastly, it also includes the sub atomic nucleus, which is again right here
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for that gray highlighted area.
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Um So Tourette's syndrome
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for their hypothesized role.
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So the basal ganglia itself is involved in many brain functions,
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but it is mostly known for its role in uh movement or suppressing movement.
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And according to this specific perspective,
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one function of the basil ganglia um is to inhibit neurons in the dullness
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um
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and prevent them from sending on this hard
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movement related signals to the motor complex.
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So you can see how it kind of relates to
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again what Tourette's syndrome is.
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Um Interes syndrome is thought that the faulty and have inhibitory mechanisms in
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the basal ganglia may fail to stop unwanted signals from reaching the cortex.
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This causes the execution of inaction that the patient
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might prefer to suppress forming the basis of ticks.
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So the failed inhibition in the basal ganglia is thought
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to increase the activity in motor pathways which generates movement.
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So patients were directed might experience more
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complications and combination of the high motor activity
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which generates habitual patterns of behavior
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as well as with abnormally low inhibit inhibitory activity that
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would normally keep those behaviors from being acted out.
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Um But more research does need to be conducted in order to
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determine exactly what is the exact cause of the rest syndrome.
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So again,
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the basal ganglia are group of structures found within the cerebral hemispheres
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which does include those things that I pointed out to you,
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I can't see the one over here.
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Um And when you if you look at this diagram that I have up here,
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the product nucleus and recruitment when they come together,
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they are known as the striatum of these words
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right above that area
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and then just moving on.
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Um This next diagram that I'm gonna show here,
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it's just gonna basically show what I'm describing,
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which is how the basal ganglia allows for movement.
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Um So the global palette is in the substantia.
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Nigra are each made up of multiple nuclei and are there, although again,
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there are a variety of non motor functions associated with the
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basil ganglia is best known for its function in facilitating a move
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and then much of the information the basal ganglia receives comes from
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the cerebral cortex and travels first they cut it or the improvement.
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The main, which is the main input nuclear height of the basic Andrea.
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Um And then you have the global politics and substantial Niagara
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are the main output nuclei and they send projections out from
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the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex mostly by the foulness
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as well as to the nuclei in the brain stem.
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So again this diagram is just kind of showing you that
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and then activity in the nuclei of
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the basal ganglia doesn't cause movement independently.
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But instead the baseball things we are um influences activity in other
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areas of the brain like the motor cortex to effect movement.
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And that was another thing um That is hypothesized as to why
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Tourette's syndrome exists or a cruise.
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So the ways in which the basal ganglia do this or not fully understood.
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But one hypothesis is that there are different circuits and
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the basil ganglia that promote and inhabit movement respectively.
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And then according to this particular model,
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the main output of the basal ganglia is the inhabit ori and the Nor
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lines and the global asparagus are constantly
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inhabiting the thalamus to prevent unwanted movements.
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So this is actually a more simplified diagram
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um
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Of the previous diagram that I showed you.
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Again, it's just explains how the basal ganglia allows for movement.
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So I'm gonna signal to initiate movement is
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sent from the cortex to the basal ganglia.
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All the circuit in the basal ganglia known as a direct pathway.
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Stop you
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look
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to be right,
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that is to the
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pathway
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and there is um something that was missing. It was cut out from the
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function when I added it,
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but on the right side is going to be the direct pathway
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and then the left side is going to be the indirect pathway,
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it's business.
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Um But this direct pathway at least to the silencing
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of neurons in the global palace in this place,
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the thalamus from the
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inhibitory
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inhibitory,
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can't say that worked
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inhibitory effects of the global politics and allows for movement to occur.
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There's also a circuit within the basal ganglia which is called
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the indirect pathway again which is located on the left side
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um which involves the sub temic nucleus and
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leads to increased suppression of unwanted movements.
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It is thought that the balance between the activity and
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these two pathways and how far a smooth movement.
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So again,
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you can see why it's hypothesized that
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if these things are not functioning correctly.
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Um you end up getting something like Tourette's.
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So why mainly discussed how the basal ganglia effects, you know,
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would have an effect on to that syndrome.
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There is also the motor neurons which is hypothesized to have
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some sort of effect on Tourette's or why do us exist?
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Um So kind of discussing that. And motor neuron,
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sorry,
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a motor neuron is a type of neuron that carries information from the brain
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and spinal cord and is involved in regulating activity in the muscles or plans.
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Um There's two types of motor neurons,
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the upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons which interact
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with one another to cause movement in other responses.
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So again you can see why it's hypothesized that
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this may have an effect into breath syndrome.
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So this is just a diagram
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um showing exactly how the upper motor neurons
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in the motor neurons interact with each other.
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Um So the upper motor neurons originate in
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multiple areas of the brain and brain stem and
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they carry information about desired movements and other responses
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in descending tracks like the coal to cook,
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go to the barber
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and
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called it. The spinal tracts.
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Upper motor neurons descend into various levels of the brain stem and spinal and
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of the brain stem and spinal cord
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in foreign connections with lower more than neurons
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and then lower motor neurons. They then influence the activity of muscles or plans.
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And these three bar categories of locomotive.
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There are three categories of learned motor neurons.
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Um There's these somatic motor neurons which extend to
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the skeleton muscle to control movement and muscle tone.
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A special buy cereal or brain china motor neurons.
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What supply muscles in the head and neck
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in general by sarah modern ones which are involved in the,
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I told that in the automatic nervous system
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um
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So the consequences of upper and lower motor neuron damage are distinct symptoms
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of the upper motor neuron damage which
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are collectively called upper motor neuron syndrome
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can include weakness and paralysis, spasticity,
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increased muscle tone and most importantly relating
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to threats syndrome over response to reflexes
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In a positive,
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lower modern neuron damage leads to a collection
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of symptoms known as lower modern neuron syndrome,
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which may involve weakness and paralysis, decreased absent muscle tone and again,
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most importantly, in relationship Tourette's syndrome,
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decreased or absent reflexes, involuntary muscle twitches and muscle
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at 12 P.
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So again,
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the basal ganglia in the motor neuron or two
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hypothesized reasons for why to read sexist um to
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kind of really quickly discuss treatment options.
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There aren't really any treatment options.
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You're mostly if you have to rest, your mostly told to deal with it.
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But there is an experimental treatment known as
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brain stimulation and I did include a video,
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but unfortunately I'm running out of time.