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Chapter 1
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    21% of college students report having experienced

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    dating violence by a current partner.

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    32% of college students experienced dating violence by a previous partner.

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    One in every four women experienced stalking while in college,

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    these alarming statistics begged the question why are

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    these crimes so widespread in the college environment?

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    And what are the mechanisms that lead

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    to inner partner violence is staggering prevalence

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    in relation to inter partner violence or I. PV. For short,

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    women are more often the victims, while men are more often the perpetrators.

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    This idea traces back decades and has been

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    investigated by a variety of evolutionary psychologists,

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    sexual coercion and stocking behaviors take

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    on a complex dynamic and relationship settings

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    where strong feelings,

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    trust and emotions make it difficult to predict and avoid these behaviors.

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    We would like to provide college aged students

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    and women in particular with some things to

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    keep in mind while enjoying what should be some of the best years of their lives.

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    The paternity uncertainty hypothesis states that from a male perspective,

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    it is never certain whether or not an offspring is one's

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    own because the female reproductive process is internal and therefore hidden.

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    In other words,

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    because men cannot ever be certain of their relation to a given offspring,

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    they have evolved behaviors that increase the odds of paternity certainty,

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    this may seem unrelated to college students,

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    most of whom certainly do not want Children.

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    However, these behavioral adaptations cannot be turned on and off.

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    So while the problem may no longer exist,

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    the response persists and still has a great effect on young men,

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    well not universal. These behaviors can sometimes push men to commit.

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    The aforementioned criminal acts,

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    such as stalking and sexual coercion.

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    When considering paternity certainty from a male perspective,

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    there are two fundamental ways to increase paternity certainty,

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    increasing one's own odds of paternity and decreasing the odds of other males.

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    For instance,

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    men may use various mate retention tactics

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    to keep the woman from looking elsewhere,

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    such as telling her how beautiful she is or buying her flowers.

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    However, not all means of retention are rainbows and butterflies

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    in place of compliments and gifts.

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    Men will sometimes resort to sexual coercion or

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    violence as a means to increase partner retention.

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    This is most often a result of men perceiving cues of infidelity in their partners,

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    causing them to feel a powerful emotion.

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    Sexual jealousy.

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    This emotion is a predictor of in our partner violence

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    and can be caused by a number of cues,

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    including decreasing sexual contact,

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    less time spent together or a perceived threat of another male.

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    Data collected on a large college campus in the southern United States

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    found that when a girlfriend breaks their man's heart,

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    the now ex boyfriend persistently makes attempts to rekindle their

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    romance that devolved into unhealthy and criminal stalking behavior more often

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    than when a boy dumps a girl

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    wanting to get back with their ex is not the problem.

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    Rather,

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    it is when it reaches a point of obsessive that it becomes harmful and unacceptable.

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    In 2009 Cammalleri and Quincy attempted to go one step further

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    than simply linking sexual jealousy and sexual coercion and relationships.

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    And studied the link between cupholder the risk and I. P. V.

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    Kako. Ordinary risk

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    is the risk that a partner will make and or carry the Children of another partner.

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    While the original partner puts in the resources and aid

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    to support and care for the partner and or child.

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    They found a connection between experiencing events that caused feelings of coke.

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    Ordinary risk and sexual coercion within relationships.

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    A study by archer and Web found a link

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    between higher levels of sexual jealousy and aggressive behavior,

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    including physical aggression, anger and hostility.

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    This link between sexual jealousy and aggression was found

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    to be much stronger in men than women.

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    This data fits with the paternity

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    uncertainty hypothesis because women evolutionarily did

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    not have a reason to place the same burden on verifying maternity

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    since the passing of their genetic material is insured in their pregnancy.

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    Another study conducted by Widmann at all in 2000 and eight,

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    aimed to find the behavioral predictors

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    of post relationship harassment and stalking.

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    Of course,

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    physical violence at the time of the

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    relationship was a predictor of criminal behavior.

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    After

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    however, jealousy independence were also strong prediction

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    of stalking and harassment. Post breakup.

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    It is important to note that not all or even most dependency is bad

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    and overdependence or a man's discomfort with his

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    own dependence was what predicted the criminal behavior

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    In 2005 Shackelford at all conducted a study

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    on what male mate retention behaviour's predicted.

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    i. p. v.

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    They found that emotional manipulation and monopolization of time were the

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    two greatest indications of a man's proclivity for sexual violence.

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    Emotional manipulation mainly included tactics such as begging a woman to

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    stay or voicing an inability to live without the partner.

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    I. P. V. Is an incredibly prevalent problem in our college community.

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    Understanding its mechanisms and predictors is essential to avoiding it.

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    Based on research, it is clear that aggression,

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    overdependence and most importantly,

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    sexual jealousy are all predictors of iptV behaviors like monopolization of time

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    and emotional manipulation can also be

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    strong indications of future sexual violence.

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    With that being said dependence,

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    jealousy and even aggression are not inherently bad in nature.

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    They are human emotions and by no means wrong in excess.

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    However they can become dangerous.

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    It is important to note that much of the research we have cited here is correlation,

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    all and more experimental research is needed to confirm causal relationships.

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    However, because of the weight and prevalence of this issue,

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    it is not plausible to wait for the

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    research to be conducted to disseminate this information.

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    It also must be noted that the vast majority

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    of research has been conducted on heterosexual couples.

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    More research must be done on gay and non binary relationships

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    to determine whether or not these predictors of violence are universal

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    If you or someone, you know,

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    is in a relationship with a man who exhibits high levels of these behaviors,

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    it is wide too wise to proceed cautiously.

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    Only 20% of female victims of sexual violence report the crime to law enforcement,

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    Victims of harassment or stalking.

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    Should not be afraid to reach out for help and should be

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    aware of the resources that are at their disposal on college campuses

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    do not hesitate to call 806-56 hope or 4673 if you or someone you know,

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    has experienced unwanted stalking or harassment.

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    Tulane. Campus resources can also be found on the back of your splash card.

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    As more research is done, we will learn about the predictors of IPTV, but for now,

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    caution and awareness is the best strategy for avoiding it.