Audio Transcript Auto-generated
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Okay,
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so good day, ma'am. I'm R K E. To advice today, I'm going to explain
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um the mutation in biochemical athlete. So first let's know what is the patients.
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So mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus.
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So in biochemical mutations um
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they have a lesson in one specific step of an enzymatic pathway.
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Like for example,
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bacteria by a chemical mutants need to be grown in a media supplemented with a
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specific
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mystery. In
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another example is albinism.
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So albinism is the result of a mutation in the
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pathway from converts the amino acid tires into the skin.
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Big man melanin.
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So that's why when we see a person with albinism, his or her skin is white.
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So the second one is point mutations.
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So point mutations are chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene.
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It is a change in a single nucleotide
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nucleotide indiana usually last year's than a chromosome.
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You alter
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nation,
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for example
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is come cotton yourself yourself yourself or
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you you you to cotton yourself sightsee
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and yourself
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or you see you.
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Yeah.
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The change of a single nucleotide in a DNA
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template strand can lead to the production of an abnormal
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protein.
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So the next one is types of small
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scale and mutations.
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Point mutations within a gene can be divided into two general general categories.
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So the first one is nucleotide pair substitution. The second one is one or more.
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The prototype bare assertions are delicious. So
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nucleotide pair substitution is refers to the replacement of
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a specific nucleotide pair by a different pair often
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meta genic
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while one or more
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nuclear type bear insertions or deletions
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refers to an insertion
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Changes the DNA sequence by adding one or more no tides to the gene.
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As a result the protein made from the gene may not function properly.
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Uh delusion
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changes the DNA sequence by removing at least
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one of the uh tied in a gene.
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Yes.
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Yeah.
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So these are the substitution.
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Nuclear type player substitution is the first one.
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Um Second is silent mutations. Mis sense mutations. Fourth is nonsense mutations.
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The clear type. Their substitution was
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explained
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earlier
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and then
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let's proceed the silent mutations. So silent mutations.
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Okay.
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Have no effect on the amino acid
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produced by a cousin because of redundancy in the genetic code.
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It is a form of mutation that does not cause a significant change in the amino acid.
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As a result
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the protein is still functional
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because of you.
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Uh just are acting as though they are evolutionarily neutron.
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So the missiles mutations
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still code for an amino acid but not the correct amino acid.
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It is when the change of a single base pair causes
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this explosion of a different amino acid in the resulting baby.
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Okay,
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the last one is nonsense mutations. So nonsense mutations change an amino acid
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cotton into a stop cotton. Nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein. So
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a nonsense mutation is a genetic mutation in a gene,
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a sequence that result in a shorter and finished product,
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finished protein product.
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So for example are those um you A. G U G. A. And U. A. They are the stop code ons.
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Mhm.
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So let's proceed to
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yeah.
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No.
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So let's proceed to insurgents. And delicious
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insertions and deletions are
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additions or loses of
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nucleotide pairs in a gene.
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These mutations have a disastrous
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effect on their resulting protein.
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More often dance institutions do insertion or deletion
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of nucleotides may alter the reading frame,
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producing a frame shift mutation
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again. Let me say insertion.
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The hint word here is adding adding one or more nucleotides.
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The gene while division is by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene.
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So the last topic is about
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these pigeons.
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Megyn spontaneous spontaneous mutations can occur during DNA replication.
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Recombination or
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repair
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meta genes are physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations.
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Thank you.