Audio Transcript Auto-generated
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Hi, everybody.
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After that great discussion last week on Wednesday,
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I thought it would be a good idea to give you a little bit of background
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in ideology and in high Johnny.
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So I've got a quick video for you with some definitions of ideology and continued to
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think about it all throughout the term because
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we'll be stumbling through them quite a bit.
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So, um, loyalties had three concepts that people often talk about.
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Obviously, one is ideology.
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The other is the ideological state apparatus,
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or what people call the I S a an interpolation,
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which is a concept that I'm dying to tell you about.
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So there's no real Tuesday, is born in
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1918 and died in 1990.
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So what is ideology?
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And you've been struggling with this a little bit with your homework,
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and we'll continue to think about it.
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So what's
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often quoted is that ideology represents the imaginary relationship
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of individuals to their real conditions of existence.
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So all Tuesday is being very much a devotee of marks in describing
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an imaginary relationship to the fact that your purpose as a member of the class
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is to
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provide material substances
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to
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the society and to
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the people in the ruling class as well.
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So here's another definition.
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This is from Juneau Beluga, who is with literature,
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theory and cultural studies at Purdue.
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He says, the production of ideas of conceptions
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of consciousness that people say, imagine and conceive.
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So that's how he is defining ideology.
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So such things as laws, politics, morality, religion and metaphysics,
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consciousness,
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imagination.
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All this stuff is ideology.
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So Marx and Engels, when they were writing about ideology,
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considered that the ruling class established what ideology is.
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So the ruling ideas of a ruling class that are
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hidden from the working class is how they defined ideology.
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So
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as a result,
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those folks who are dominated may not recognise the practises of ideology.
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Not everybody agrees with this concept, right? You know, it's like you.
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You have to get outside the matrix to see that you're inside the matrix, right?
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So,
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Okay,
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Those who are dominated may not recognise the practises of ideology,
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which are obfuscated, meaning hidden and which seem
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normal. So Alters argues that when you're within an ideology, you can't see it.
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And not everybody agrees with that, by the way.
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So let's try to unpack some of this, the ruling ideas are nothing more
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then the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships.
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So one of the ways that marks and always talks about ideology
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is to examine the relationships that are within an ideological structure.
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The dominant material relationships are grasped as ideas. Hence
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the relationships that make the one class the ruling one, therefore
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our ideas of their dominance.
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So there's a very Marxist in the perspective that the ruling class sort of
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lay the groundwork for the ideology for everybody, and they invent or create
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their ideology that suits them. So think of something like the term progress.
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And what is it that progress entails,
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like in a Western culture and an American culture
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is that you're always trying to do better,
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always trying to best somebody else and always trying to
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get to the head of the classes that were,
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and that somehow
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progress has become a very highly valued
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construct in Western
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politics,
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economics and social settings. So what does a material relationship mean?
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Marx and Engels looked at how they could discern dominance,
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particularly in material form rather than in a hidden ideological form.
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So if something is ideological it's harder to pin down.
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But if it's material, if it's something that you can see,
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then you can see the entitlements of ideology.
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Marxism works to uncover ideology by returning
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to the material conditions of the society.
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And so what they're referring to is the material conditions
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of a society is the society's modes of production.
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So they frame individuals as worker bees toiling away
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to make the material goods, but also the ideological goods for the ruling class.
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The modes of production
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are the practises, the labour,
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the materials and the resources everything that is needed for human life.
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So Marx and Engels expound
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this idea by looking at how relationships become
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economic in nature.
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So again,
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just to repeat the place to take a
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look at where ideology occurs is in the relationships
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of people to their work.
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And how that benefits the ruling class in an
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economic way is principally what they were interested in.
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All Tuesday is interested in it from an ideological point of view.
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So let's talk about his second concept, the ideological state apparatuses,
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And then we will end with an interpolation.
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So
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also say, laid out the principle of,
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uh of an ideological state apparatus as those state agencies, um,
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like the military or universities or hospitals, police, courts,
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jails and even media.
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There are state run media as well. Um, the fact that they do two things.
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They are ideology.
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They are ideological at their base,
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but they also practise or perform ideology as well.
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So he said ESAs are structured ideologically.
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So think about laws that define what
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constitutes a marriage or constitutes a non marriage
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and that maintain and promote ideologies. So it does both.
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He has the i s s favour the interests
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of the ruling class and subordinate other classes.
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So think about something like tax breaks for the wealthy, you know?
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Why is it that wealthy individuals pay so
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much less in taxes than the ordinary Muggles? And he also notes that change occurs
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in fa test really small ways within I s s
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sort of they build upon themselves and they become,
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uh, institutions that just sort of repeat, repeat,
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repeat their institutional ideological formation.
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It's a very interesting way of looking at the world.
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He would also say that there are ideological apparatus
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apparatuses that are not run by the state but
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are still ideological in nature and an example of
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that would be something like church or temple or um
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uh, or a mosque. You know, uh, organisations that
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have a religious component.
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So also says the representation of the world is imaginary because living
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within an ideology delivers an imaginary
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relationship to the conditions of existence.
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So what he's trying to say is that it's something that
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exists.
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But it may not be something that we are aware of, um, and very similar to marks.
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What determines who you are and your class is what it is that you're doing
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for
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this condition of existence in terms of your labour.
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So for your consideration,
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relationships are key to all Tuesday's ideology imaginary
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and then consider what is real.
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Consider what is
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normal and that is justified by ideology.
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Take a look at the modes of production,
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take a look at the material conditions and think about what makes
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these ideas structural in nature as opposed to individual in nature.
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And now that we're talking about individual,
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let's go take a look at Interpol election.
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So this has both an individual component as well as a structural component.
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So think about
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an ideological state apparatus like the university.
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So, he says, Ideology hails or Interpol.
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It's individuals, so it's kind of an odd concept to think about,
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but think about how you might be addressed, he says.
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How you might be hailed or interpolated, but
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how are you addressed by somebody else
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in a situation like a university? So how are you addressed as a student?
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And what he says is that concrete individual persons are the carriers of ideology,
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but they are also interpolated as subjects. So think of a student as an as a subject
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that is framed
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ideologically
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and is
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considered
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student
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say, rather than person or individual. Can you think about that for a minute?
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In the same way as, say, a professor would be interpreted as a professor
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is ideological in nature? Let me give you another really good example.
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If you're watching television, you know that thing called television.
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Do people have televisions anymore
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anyway? Often, what's happening to you as you're watching that as you're being
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addressed or hailed or interpolated
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as a consumer?
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How do I know that?
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Well, if you wait in between the programmes,
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you'll see these commercials right and what the commercials
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are trying to do is have you purchased something?
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Have you consumed something?
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So you could argue that in the mass media, you and I may be interpreted as
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were interpolated as
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consumers?
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So that's a lot of ideology. That's a lot of stuff to put under your belt.
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But I hope it helps. And I'll see you next time. Take great care,
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yeah.