DRUG RESISTANCE IN THE TREATMENT OF HIV

Audio Transcript Auto-generated

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  Hi, my name is Teresa

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  Aasa.

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  And today I'll be discussing with you all

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  the drug resistance in the treatment of HIV.

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  First, we're going to look at what HIV is

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  here. We have it there.

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  So

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  some of the key concepts that we will be looking at is the potential HIV victims,

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  the preventive measures to reduce the risks of infection,

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  the diagnosis of HIV and the therapeutic antibodies used in the treatment of HIV.

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  So, what is HIV

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  HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that is sexually,

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  it's a sexually transmitted infection that attacks, attacks the immune system.

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  So, without an early detection of HIV,

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  it can actually develop into AIDS, which is the deadly part of it.

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  And when it gets there,

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  the virus just keeps spreading until it eats your immune system up.

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  Basically.

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  And then we are gonna look at some of the potential victims.

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  And here we have listed the sex workers, transgenders, gay men

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  or men that have sex, uh, sex with other men,

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  the sexually active teenagers, basically,

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  anybody that is sexually active and even Children that happen to be

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  in the belly or fetus that are forming in the belly of A HIV, positive mother or HIV,

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  positive, uh, surrogate or anybody that is pregnant at that time with a child.

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  Um,

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  also these victims can get exposed, uh,

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  from dealing with multiple sex partners or even

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  we have drug users that share needles,

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  um,

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  uh, intravenous drug users that share needles among themselves.

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  You can easily contract the,

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  um, disease by that as well.

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  Um, the infection, I mean, and also according to the novel preventive and

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  therapeutic strategies against HIV

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  article,

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  it has been um demonstrated that HIV infected people under the A RT, which is the anti

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  retro retroviral therapy,

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  they have um less than 200 HIV copies in your blood.

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  So basically, if they were to have sex unprotected with um uninfected people,

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  they are less likely to get um the, the,

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  the virus because they already started the therapy,

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  the therapeutic antibody treatment that they need.

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  So

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  it is always advised to use the preventive measures

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  unless you know that you already started the pre

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  pre um infection

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  uh treatment or you, you already

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  put in the post infection state,

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  but you already are also show that you

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  started your um therapeutic treatment as well.

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  Also sometimes the uh people go through the whole stigma from the

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  society or the discrimination from the society that makes them not want to

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  take the next steps into finding their status or even to take

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  the next steps after they find your status to get on treatment.

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  So it is advisable or all these people fall under being potential victims as well.

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  And basically the earlier the virus is detected,

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  the better chances you have at surviving or suppressing the

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  virus before it spreads any further into the immune system.

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  Next, we have a static statistics that shows the

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  um um the amount of victims or like the um

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  the rates at which certain victims are being infected.

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  And when we look at these, we can see that

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  we have the

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  black size African Americans in general have higher potential rates.

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  And then we have the Hispanic and Latino community. Next.

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  And then we have the whites which is 25%. So basically,

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  and every other race which is 3% and then the um it just keeps going down.

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  And then when we look up here on the um on our right,

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  we see that

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  from men actually in the African

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  American community is way higher

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  and then the um

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  Latino men just as it was listed um on the general

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  um ethnicity, it is listed in that order also as well for the men and the females.

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  We see that the black

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  um women is also more affected compared to the Latino women or the

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  black

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  man.

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  So compared to the white women and the white men.

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  So and then uh we, when we go down here, we also see more of it from the male to male,

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  which is gay men

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  compared to heterosexuals. Um gay men have a higher chance. Um a 7 67% on the

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  perce percentile. And then the heterosexual have a 22%.

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  And then the drug users and then the regular um

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  male to male sexual contact in the inject uh drug injection is 4% basically.

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  So then now that we know the victims,

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  what are some of the measures that we can take to reduce the risk of infection?

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  It is a lot of them. But starting with the, the

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  usual from the basic to the complex stuff, which is

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  practicing safe sex, using the usage of condoms and condoms are very popular.

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  Now, even they, you can have access to them in schools, your doctor's visits,

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  your um workplaces everywhere that uh talks about the

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  safety in ST I or the sexiness in sex,

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  sex,

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  sexually related activities should be able to

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  provide condoms and other um protective stuff.

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  And also abstinence is obviously the best way to just be completely safe.

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  But if you're just gonna be active, you just have to protect yourself.

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  So the World Health Organization and the Department of Public Health,

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  the Center of Disease Control,

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  um the D HHS

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  HHS, they all have preventive programs like again in schools and workplaces

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  and they even have a website,

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  they have a lot of information on their websites to

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  go look at and learn more about these stuff.

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  You can learn it for yourself or

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  I guess utilize the people you have around you or the

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  centers that you can go to hear more about it.

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  And also, um according to the MEDLINE plus circum

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  uh circumcision article, it also shows that

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  a proper circumcision will reduce the risk of

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  HIV infection and even other STIs as well,

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  um including UTIs. So

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  just making sure that you're protecting yourself and if you

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  or your religion or nothing,

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  um avoids your son or you as a guy from being circumcised.

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  It is advised that you do it because you will have less

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  chances that does not mean that you are free from it.

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  It just means that you have a less chance of getting it.

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  So you still have to practice safe sex

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  even after you have undergone the proper circumcision.

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  And here we have that the NH I

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  um shows that the constant U usage of

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  PR P will reduce the risk of HIV from 99%

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  and 74% from

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  needle users.

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  I can't really see over there. But yeah, basically,

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  prep will also help you.

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  The pre exposure prophylaxis will help um

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  You basically protect yourself as well from it will

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  give you a lesser chance of getting it.

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  But you still

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  in a way, be at risk in a way if you don't still protect yourself,

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  maybe a less chance of transferring it.

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  But also um sort of a good chance of getting it.

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  So you still got to protect yourself basically.

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  And then here, we have the diagnosis of HIV.

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  And when we look at that, we see that we have these rapid point of care test,

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  which is also known as the Pocts.

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  Um these are

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  antigens slash antibody tests that has um

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  uh they have uh the antigen and antibody test and they also have the

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  uh RN A HIV test.

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  Um Apparently the RN A tests are more accurate compared to the Poct test.

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  Since the RN A is more of like um internal um um blood test compared

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  to the Pocts where is just a rapid like a pregnancy test will be considered.

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  So individual will individuals will be considered negative for HIV.

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  If the Poct test is non reactive, but if it is reactive,

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  then it is recommended to use a second

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  assay which is uh immuno

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  globin,

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  no antigen slash

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  antibody comin combination amino acid.

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  The antigen slash

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  antibody diagnosis are basically known as assure,

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  which stands for its affordable sensitive specific user friendly,

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  rapid and robust equipment free and delivered

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  according to the terms of wealth, health, organ,

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  wealth, health. Well, World World Health

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  Organization, which is known as who.

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  So they have different versions of the

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  um antigen slash antibody acids

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  which are less

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  um than 99.7% sensitive,

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  which is more than 99.5% specific and can detect more than 80%

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  age high, which usually require nucleic

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  nucleic acids such as RN A for a proper detection

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  So basically they have um updated

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  A G slash A B test

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  that are on the same level or almost on the same level as um

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  the RN A.

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  But I,

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  I believe that the RN A are still the most accurate and more effective compared.

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  Basically, it's just,

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  it can't really be that it's just gonna be always accurate.

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  And then

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  when we look, when we keep looking for it at the diagnostics, we see that

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  based on the A AAA Ph Hi Infections Disease article RN A test can detect HIV one,

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  approximately 10 to 12 days after an exposure,

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  which is better compared to the current HIV, one

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  slash two A G slash A B amino acid since

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  they have 15 to 24 detection period after exposure.

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  So this leads, this literally makes it

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  um make the RN A test more effective basically with that period of detection time.

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  And most guidelines recommend that testing takes

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  place every three months after diagnosis.

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  So there are no issues with like dual therapy in

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  a RT since it can potentially lead to dark resistance.

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  So basically,

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  it will be better to um

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  test yourself before starting the um

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  antibody treatment because because people just like

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  to um they will prefer protecting themselves first before knowing their status or,

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  but it is recommended to know your status first

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  so that it will not interrupt with your um

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  therapeutic treatment or to even combine it with that treatment as well.

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  Because then it releases drug resistance,

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  which is the body not responding right to treatment and

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  experiencing a a rebound of the uh of the infection.

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  So here we have here some of the

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  therapeutic antibodies that are using the HIV treatment.

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  If we get closer, we will see that

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  it, it is usually a clinically tested.

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  Uh B

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  A.

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  We mean which means

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  um broadly neutralizing antibodies

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  on both infected and uninfected people.

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  They have engineered versions of these antibodies.

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  These are basically the antibodies in our own bodies.

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  So they have um done a research shows that

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  they know that these antibodies are in our bodies and

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  will target will help the T cells in our

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  bodies target the viral cells and kill them faster.

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  Basically.

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  So these

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  apps comes in high dosages as you can see

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  30 to 40 mg slash kg

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  that causes suppression of the virus in patients and also

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  have an emergency resistance in the rebound of the virus,

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  especially in cell to cell transmissions,

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  which is one of the challenges clinical trials have faced

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  in the treatment of HIV according to em I,

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  so there's like a higher chance of rebound of the viruses which is um

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  getting on therapeutic treatment and still seeing um the

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  virus get worse or keep developing that viral cells.

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  But with these therapeutic um engineered version of the antibodies,

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  we have a higher chance of um

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  getting a better treatment without the viral rebound. But then

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  there is a side effect, which is

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  the which is uh the drug resistance in that as well because people

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  can be um some individuals can be sensitive to these um antibodies.

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  So you just have to make sure that you get tested to see the

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  right or try to see which one works better for you. Hopefully

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  some one of them works better for you.

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  And

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  according to Emis article, we see that other ways to possibly make non

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  resistant bean ups for sensitive individuals is through

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  the enhancement of the immuno globin fragment domain,

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  which is um

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  the Glyco

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  pro

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  proteins that are produced by our heart by

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  our white blood cells in the immune system.

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  So they just use what we have in our bodies

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  um tested to help our own body fight the infection.

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  Basically,

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  it's a cycle because our own body have to hurt us and

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  our own body will have to save us in a way.

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  So in conclusions, we have um

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  an article here

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  that said that there has been successful trials um among

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  18 individuals where 13 shows no signs of drug resistance.

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  And I would suggest that we all take the time out

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  of our day and do some more research about this.

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  If we feel like we need more information about this

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  and to cut a long story short or to wrap up my presentation,

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  we see the timeline of HIV here you can pause the video to look over it.

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  Some more for clarification.

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  And here we are,

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  you are not alone. If you,

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  if you or anybody

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  that you know, have been affected

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  or being diagnosed by HIV,

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  let them know that they are not alone and there are so many help research places,

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  talk to your doctors, talk to your health care.

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  People don't listen to, people don't let them discourage you.

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  You go get the help you need today. Thank you.