Audio Transcript Auto-generated
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Hi, my name is Teresa
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Aasa.
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And today I'll be discussing with you all
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the drug resistance in the treatment of HIV.
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First, we're going to look at what HIV is
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here. We have it there.
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So
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some of the key concepts that we will be looking at is the potential HIV victims,
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the preventive measures to reduce the risks of infection,
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the diagnosis of HIV and the therapeutic antibodies used in the treatment of HIV.
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So, what is HIV
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HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that is sexually,
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it's a sexually transmitted infection that attacks, attacks the immune system.
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So, without an early detection of HIV,
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it can actually develop into AIDS, which is the deadly part of it.
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And when it gets there,
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the virus just keeps spreading until it eats your immune system up.
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Basically.
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And then we are gonna look at some of the potential victims.
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And here we have listed the sex workers, transgenders, gay men
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or men that have sex, uh, sex with other men,
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the sexually active teenagers, basically,
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anybody that is sexually active and even Children that happen to be
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in the belly or fetus that are forming in the belly of A HIV, positive mother or HIV,
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positive, uh, surrogate or anybody that is pregnant at that time with a child.
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Um,
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also these victims can get exposed, uh,
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from dealing with multiple sex partners or even
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we have drug users that share needles,
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um,
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uh, intravenous drug users that share needles among themselves.
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You can easily contract the,
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um, disease by that as well.
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Um, the infection, I mean, and also according to the novel preventive and
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therapeutic strategies against HIV
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article,
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it has been um demonstrated that HIV infected people under the A RT, which is the anti
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retro retroviral therapy,
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they have um less than 200 HIV copies in your blood.
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So basically, if they were to have sex unprotected with um uninfected people,
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they are less likely to get um the, the,
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the virus because they already started the therapy,
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the therapeutic antibody treatment that they need.
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So
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it is always advised to use the preventive measures
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unless you know that you already started the pre
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pre um infection
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uh treatment or you, you already
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put in the post infection state,
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but you already are also show that you
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started your um therapeutic treatment as well.
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Also sometimes the uh people go through the whole stigma from the
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society or the discrimination from the society that makes them not want to
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take the next steps into finding their status or even to take
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the next steps after they find your status to get on treatment.
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So it is advisable or all these people fall under being potential victims as well.
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And basically the earlier the virus is detected,
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the better chances you have at surviving or suppressing the
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virus before it spreads any further into the immune system.
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Next, we have a static statistics that shows the
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um um the amount of victims or like the um
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the rates at which certain victims are being infected.
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And when we look at these, we can see that
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we have the
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black size African Americans in general have higher potential rates.
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And then we have the Hispanic and Latino community. Next.
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And then we have the whites which is 25%. So basically,
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and every other race which is 3% and then the um it just keeps going down.
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And then when we look up here on the um on our right,
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we see that
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from men actually in the African
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American community is way higher
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and then the um
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Latino men just as it was listed um on the general
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um ethnicity, it is listed in that order also as well for the men and the females.
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We see that the black
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um women is also more affected compared to the Latino women or the
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black
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man.
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So compared to the white women and the white men.
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So and then uh we, when we go down here, we also see more of it from the male to male,
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which is gay men
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compared to heterosexuals. Um gay men have a higher chance. Um a 7 67% on the
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perce percentile. And then the heterosexual have a 22%.
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And then the drug users and then the regular um
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male to male sexual contact in the inject uh drug injection is 4% basically.
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So then now that we know the victims,
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what are some of the measures that we can take to reduce the risk of infection?
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It is a lot of them. But starting with the, the
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usual from the basic to the complex stuff, which is
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practicing safe sex, using the usage of condoms and condoms are very popular.
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Now, even they, you can have access to them in schools, your doctor's visits,
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your um workplaces everywhere that uh talks about the
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safety in ST I or the sexiness in sex,
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sex,
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sexually related activities should be able to
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provide condoms and other um protective stuff.
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And also abstinence is obviously the best way to just be completely safe.
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But if you're just gonna be active, you just have to protect yourself.
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So the World Health Organization and the Department of Public Health,
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the Center of Disease Control,
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um the D HHS
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HHS, they all have preventive programs like again in schools and workplaces
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and they even have a website,
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they have a lot of information on their websites to
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go look at and learn more about these stuff.
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You can learn it for yourself or
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I guess utilize the people you have around you or the
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centers that you can go to hear more about it.
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And also, um according to the MEDLINE plus circum
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uh circumcision article, it also shows that
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a proper circumcision will reduce the risk of
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HIV infection and even other STIs as well,
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um including UTIs. So
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just making sure that you're protecting yourself and if you
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or your religion or nothing,
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um avoids your son or you as a guy from being circumcised.
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It is advised that you do it because you will have less
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chances that does not mean that you are free from it.
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It just means that you have a less chance of getting it.
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So you still have to practice safe sex
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even after you have undergone the proper circumcision.
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And here we have that the NH I
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um shows that the constant U usage of
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PR P will reduce the risk of HIV from 99%
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and 74% from
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needle users.
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I can't really see over there. But yeah, basically,
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prep will also help you.
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The pre exposure prophylaxis will help um
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You basically protect yourself as well from it will
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give you a lesser chance of getting it.
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But you still
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in a way, be at risk in a way if you don't still protect yourself,
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maybe a less chance of transferring it.
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But also um sort of a good chance of getting it.
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So you still got to protect yourself basically.
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And then here, we have the diagnosis of HIV.
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And when we look at that, we see that we have these rapid point of care test,
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which is also known as the Pocts.
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Um these are
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antigens slash antibody tests that has um
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uh they have uh the antigen and antibody test and they also have the
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uh RN A HIV test.
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Um Apparently the RN A tests are more accurate compared to the Poct test.
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Since the RN A is more of like um internal um um blood test compared
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to the Pocts where is just a rapid like a pregnancy test will be considered.
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So individual will individuals will be considered negative for HIV.
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If the Poct test is non reactive, but if it is reactive,
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then it is recommended to use a second
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assay which is uh immuno
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globin,
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no antigen slash
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antibody comin combination amino acid.
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The antigen slash
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antibody diagnosis are basically known as assure,
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which stands for its affordable sensitive specific user friendly,
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rapid and robust equipment free and delivered
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according to the terms of wealth, health, organ,
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wealth, health. Well, World World Health
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Organization, which is known as who.
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So they have different versions of the
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um antigen slash antibody acids
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which are less
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um than 99.7% sensitive,
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which is more than 99.5% specific and can detect more than 80%
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age high, which usually require nucleic
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nucleic acids such as RN A for a proper detection
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So basically they have um updated
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A G slash A B test
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that are on the same level or almost on the same level as um
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the RN A.
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But I,
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I believe that the RN A are still the most accurate and more effective compared.
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Basically, it's just,
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it can't really be that it's just gonna be always accurate.
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And then
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when we look, when we keep looking for it at the diagnostics, we see that
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based on the A AAA Ph Hi Infections Disease article RN A test can detect HIV one,
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approximately 10 to 12 days after an exposure,
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which is better compared to the current HIV, one
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slash two A G slash A B amino acid since
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they have 15 to 24 detection period after exposure.
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So this leads, this literally makes it
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um make the RN A test more effective basically with that period of detection time.
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And most guidelines recommend that testing takes
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place every three months after diagnosis.
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So there are no issues with like dual therapy in
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a RT since it can potentially lead to dark resistance.
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So basically,
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it will be better to um
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test yourself before starting the um
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antibody treatment because because people just like
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to um they will prefer protecting themselves first before knowing their status or,
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but it is recommended to know your status first
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so that it will not interrupt with your um
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therapeutic treatment or to even combine it with that treatment as well.
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Because then it releases drug resistance,
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which is the body not responding right to treatment and
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experiencing a a rebound of the uh of the infection.
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So here we have here some of the
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therapeutic antibodies that are using the HIV treatment.
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If we get closer, we will see that
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it, it is usually a clinically tested.
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Uh B
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A.
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We mean which means
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um broadly neutralizing antibodies
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on both infected and uninfected people.
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They have engineered versions of these antibodies.
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These are basically the antibodies in our own bodies.
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So they have um done a research shows that
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they know that these antibodies are in our bodies and
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will target will help the T cells in our
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bodies target the viral cells and kill them faster.
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Basically.
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So these
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apps comes in high dosages as you can see
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30 to 40 mg slash kg
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that causes suppression of the virus in patients and also
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have an emergency resistance in the rebound of the virus,
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especially in cell to cell transmissions,
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which is one of the challenges clinical trials have faced
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in the treatment of HIV according to em I,
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so there's like a higher chance of rebound of the viruses which is um
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getting on therapeutic treatment and still seeing um the
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virus get worse or keep developing that viral cells.
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But with these therapeutic um engineered version of the antibodies,
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we have a higher chance of um
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getting a better treatment without the viral rebound. But then
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there is a side effect, which is
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the which is uh the drug resistance in that as well because people
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can be um some individuals can be sensitive to these um antibodies.
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So you just have to make sure that you get tested to see the
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right or try to see which one works better for you. Hopefully
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some one of them works better for you.
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And
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according to Emis article, we see that other ways to possibly make non
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resistant bean ups for sensitive individuals is through
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the enhancement of the immuno globin fragment domain,
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which is um
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the Glyco
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pro
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proteins that are produced by our heart by
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our white blood cells in the immune system.
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So they just use what we have in our bodies
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um tested to help our own body fight the infection.
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Basically,
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it's a cycle because our own body have to hurt us and
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our own body will have to save us in a way.
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So in conclusions, we have um
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an article here
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that said that there has been successful trials um among
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18 individuals where 13 shows no signs of drug resistance.
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And I would suggest that we all take the time out
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of our day and do some more research about this.
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If we feel like we need more information about this
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and to cut a long story short or to wrap up my presentation,
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we see the timeline of HIV here you can pause the video to look over it.
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Some more for clarification.
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And here we are,
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you are not alone. If you,
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if you or anybody
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that you know, have been affected
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or being diagnosed by HIV,
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let them know that they are not alone and there are so many help research places,
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talk to your doctors, talk to your health care.
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People don't listen to, people don't let them discourage you.
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You go get the help you need today. Thank you.