Audio Transcript Auto-generated
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Hi my name is Sarah and I will be covering Hansen's disease also known as leprosy.
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And to start off we're going to go over what exactly is behind it.
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And it is Mycobacterium leprae which is an acid fast broad ship back to life.
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And it's often difficult to grow or cultivate in vitro just because of its waxy
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outer layer due to the my silic acid and it's doubling time of 27 hours.
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So in order to observe it and replicate it, it must be done through a living cell
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and
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it could be found in its vector host or hosts carrier which is the armadillo.
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It could also be found in insects, animal reservoirs and people.
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And in order for us to be contaminated or transmitted,
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you would have to do so through coughing,
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sneezing nasal fluids or prolonged periods of time with the infected.
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Um 95% of the population already have a natural immunity to um leprosy.
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So it's not as easily to be transmitted as many people think.
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And just because I said as I said earlier it has a doubling time of 27 hours.
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Or it could be longer, it could take up to 20 years for it to fully further developed.
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Um So it's very hard for someone to
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be affected by leprosy and experience the symptoms.
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But if someone does perchance get affected by leprosy
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it'll go to your Schwann cells or your macrophages
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and it will do so from traveling from your epithelium to your lymphatic system
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then to your lemon in binding protein enzymes
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which will attach itself to your swan cells
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and there it will prevent the formation of myelin to
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grow as it will destroy the mitochondria damaging your axons.
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So as you can see here
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it will affect this right there
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and because of that it will affect your um
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P. And S. System
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as well as your respiratory tract and your eyes.
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So
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once it does contaminate your swan cells
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when your immune response is triggered it'll go straight and
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basically harm your own shorn smells.
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Xuren cells
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and that can cause the development of loss, loss of feeling sensation et cetera.
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Anything that your peripheral nervous system is basically in charge of.
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So there are three sub strains which is possible. Larry leprosy.
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Multi back salary leprosy and borderline leprosy.
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So for the first one you're going to have hyper pigmentation
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and skin muscles as well as the loss of sensation.
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It's going to affect your P. N. S.
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Nerves causing or infect your medium nerves, radio nerves,
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positively your tubular nerves, owner nerves and your cervical nerves.
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As you can see through this image on her cheek there's going to be a thick
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and infectious
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like
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redness on her cheek
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um
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due to the hyperpigmentation of the skin muscles due to leprosy.
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The next one is the multi by axillary leprosy which
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is causing inflammation in your
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peripheral nerves causing thick peripheral nerves
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it could even affect your organs your eyes, your nose, your testes and your bones.
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So because there's an increase in the back silly in your macrophages where
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it likes to Colin eight it's going to lead to a thicker skin
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cause of lesions, loss of feeling
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etcetera.
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Lastly you're gonna deal with borderline leprosy which is the most common and um
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not as strong form of the leprosy.
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It's going to have an abundance of lesion cur your peripheral nerves
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will be affected and it could be found all over your body.
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As for the susceptibility we can take a look at the
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map right here with the lighter blues being the most susceptible areas
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which commonly find leprosy and the wider colder areas are going
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to be not as common and abundant with carriers of leprosy.
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Um This is due to
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leprosy or the disease being found most often
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in warmer humid climates such as the tropics.
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So it'll be found in continents such as africa asia southern America.
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In fact the C. D. C.
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did a study in 2015 with the three most three areas with the most abundant
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people with leprosy being India at 60% Indonesia 8% and Brazil at 15% or 13%.
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I apologize.
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Other areas that might have leprosy as
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well include the Dominican Republic dominica.
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The Democratic Republic of Congo Ethiopia
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Bangladesh et cetera.
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As for people who are susceptible to um leprosy it's going to be most
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commonly found in 5 to 15 year olds or 30 plus year olds.
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Um As I said earlier people who have prolonged contact with those of infection
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and compromised immune systems.
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So any of those are going to be the most susceptible to leprosy
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symptoms and things you want to look out for in treatment.
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So
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it's going to come included with leprosy includes
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patches,
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nodules,
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thick dermis, is the loss of eyebrows or eyelashes, numbness,
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paralysis and large nerves, blindness and even nosebleeds.
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So all of these can be very permanent, very damaging symptoms that may affect you.
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So it's important to
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track leprosy early on before these could further develop
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um
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when it is occurring.
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As for treatment
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as I said earlier it is important for it to be um caught very
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on as it could be very not harmful if treated at the correct time.
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And you could prevent permanent damages such as loss of sensation
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and due to leprosy being such a slow developing back still life,
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it could take up to two years for treatment to fully and properly be processed.
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So during these two years in order to prevent immunity
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for the backs away,
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you want to start taking antibiotics of two or more
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and that is like as I said earlier to prevent
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the immunity of the facts of life from developing.
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Ah
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It is a disease that causes permanent damage. As I said earlier as well.
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They are irreversible.
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So cripple nous, loss of sensation, even blindness can occur
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et cetera.
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So in order to diagnose and
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cause prevention for
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leprosy.
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It's important to avoid being with people for such a long time that are
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already contaminated as well as coming across
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people who have already been infected.
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Um
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It's not a disease that's easily transmitted.
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So it's not something that many people focus on. As, like I said earlier, around 95%
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people already have natural immunity towards the disease.
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So you're not going to see vaccinations very commonly, such as in the US recorder,
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climates, areas that don't really typically worry about leprosy.
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What you are going to see is vaccinations
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and like India brazil etcetera.
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So these vaccinations include M. I. P. B. C. G. M. D. T. B. Ch and lip backs.
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As for diagnosis, you're going to go through biopsy acid fast staining.
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You could do skin smears, skin biopsy and nerve biopsies.
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So I'm just going to go through each
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other pictures to demonstrate what exactly you're looking for
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in the bottom picture,
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you can see the pink or the red hues popping out.
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That's going to be the acid fast staining.
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As we did stay in earlier presentation.
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Part of the presentation is the acid fast backs,
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eli so it will become positive and you will see that red heat over there.
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As for the smears, you're going to see the foamy macrophages as there,
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that's where the
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light is located in the body,
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You're going to see the nerve destruction due to the axons being damaged
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et cetera.
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Um as well as the epitome solenoid granola and the large globe E.
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So those are the main things they want to look out for when diagnosing for leprosy.
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And as well
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understanding the asset, fascinating part of the procedure
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and just to go over quick summary,
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leprosy is going to be not something that's very common. As I said earlier,
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they're not really that many things to be prevented for it.
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Um Just to watch out
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and that's it. These are my resources
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and I hope you guys have pretty