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Science in Victorian England

By Olivia, Charlotte and Zoe

Introduction

For the first time, science was seen as a profession in its own right; the very term 'scientist' was a Victorian invention, originally proposed by William Whewell in 1840, major discoveries were made during Victorian times in all branches of science, including physics, astronomy, natural history and medicine. Jekyll and Hyde, published by Robert Louis Stevenson, is a short novel that conveys 3 important aspects of the Victorian period: the advancement in science, the economic growth and the awake of socially repressed feelings and behaviors.

Scientists in Victorian England

Charles Darwin:

Charles Darwin was an evolution scientist who was famous for publishing 'The Origin of Species' in 1859 (this was at a time when the author of Jekyll and Hyde, Stevenson, was 9 years old). This book introduced the theory of evolution. Some people of this era saw this as an attack on God because it showed him creating the World in 7 days to be impossible.

Scientists in Victorian England

Sigmund Freud:

Freud was an Austrian neurologist who wrote the book 'The Interpretation of dreams' and it was published in 1899. It introduced the idea of the conscious and subconscious of the mind. He believed that many repress their painful memories into

their unconscious mind.

Scientists in Victorian England

Scientific Discoveries

Edwin Chadwick:

Edwin Chadwick is most associated with public health improvements in the Victorian era. The first appearance of cholera in 1831, was followed in 1837 and 1838 by epidemics of influenza and typhoid, prompting the government to ask Chadwick to carry out a new enquiry into sanitation. In his publication The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population (1842), Chadwick used quantitative methods to show that there was a direct link between poor living conditions and disease and life expectancy. This investigation inspired the Public Health Act of 1848 and the establishment of the general Board of Health, of which Chadwick was the first director.

The scientific achievements of the Victorian era are remarkable in human history. The period from 1837 to 1901 is regarded as an era of prosperity and knowledge.

Major Scientific Discoveries:

1854- Cholera was discovered by John Snow to have been spread through water not air, leading to improvements in housing and sewage systems.

1862- Pasteurization invented by Louis Pasteur.

1882- Tuberculosis was found by Robert Koch.

1896- Cause of malaria found by Ronald Ross

1896- X-Ray was invented, now used worldwide and integral to the medical field.

Science

Many people of the Victorian era believed that science had become dangerous and was meddling in matters which only God had control of. This view is reflected in Jekyll and Hyde when science becomes uncontrollable.

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