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Extraction

Ores are mined by blasting the earth with explosives or digging into rock with shovels and picks to extract the ore from the rock. Miners then process the copper or nickel ore to find cobalt by crushing the ore in primary cone crushers, using wet magnetic separators to separate the copper or nickel, and reducing it to mesh in a ball mill, which is a mineral grinder.

Mining

Cobalt is then extracted in a variety of ways. Cobalt is extracted from the nickel or copper through solvent extraction, which is separating compounds based on their solubility in two immiscible liquids, such as an organic solvent and water. Hence, it extracts the cobalt substance from one liquid into another liquid phase. Or, cobalt is extracted through smelting, using heat from a blast furnace and a metal reducing agent, such as carbon, to change the ore's oxidized state. The carbon removes the ore's oxygen and leaves the metal cobalt. The cobalt is taken out to attain 99.9 percent pure cobalt.

Extraction

Original Form

Nickel is recovered through extractive metallurgy. It's extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes that yield a metal of greater than 75% purity.

Cobalt

Cobalt is not found as a native metal, but it is mainly obtained as a by-product of nickel and copper mining activities. The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot and skutterudite.

Original Form

The bulk of the nickel mined comes from the inner and outer parts of the Earth. The nickel mined comes from two types of ore deposits. The first are laterites where the principal ore minerals are nickeliferous limonite: (Fe, Ni)O(OH) and garnierite (a hydrous nickel silicate): (Ni, Mg)3Si2O5(OH)4. The second are magmatic sulfide deposits where the principal ore mineral is pentlandite: (Ni, Fe)9S8.

Nickel

Materials & Formation

of Magnets

Extraction

Fractionation is required to separate neodymium from some of the elements it co-occurs with. Neodymium fractionates with praseodymium, producing a mixture called didymium.

Extracting the Metal

Neodymium can then be extracted via the electrolysis of NdF3 or NdCl3 with additives of other halogenides at temperatures of 1,000 degrees Centigrade.

Metal alloys such as Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NIB) or Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt (Alnico), are often magnetized as powders, resins, or bulk materials that are then formed into the desired shape of the magnet.

Original Form

Iron can be found in the Earth's crust in the form of oxides, carbonates, and sulphates.

Neodymium

Original Form

Neodymium is never found in nature as the free element, but rather it occurs in ores such as monazite and bastnäsite that contain small amounts of all the rare earth metals. The reserves of neodymium are estimated at about eight million tonnes. Although it belongs to the rare earth metals, neodymium is not rare at all.

Iron

Iron Recovery & Extraction

to make metallic iron, they must be smelted or sent through a direct reduction process to remove the oxygen. Oxygen-iron bonds are strong, and to remove the iron from the oxygen, a stronger elemental bond must be presented to attach to the oxygen. Carbon is used because the strength of a carbon-oxygen bond is greater than that of the iron-oxygen bond, and the process is done at high temperatures. The iron ore must be powdered and mixed with coke, which is essentially carbon, and the combination must be burnt in the smelting process. The carbon dioxide byproduct goes off into the atmosphere and what is left is almost pure iron.

Bibliography

End of Life (Recycling?)

Magnet

A magnet will retain its magnetism unless a strong outside magnetic or electrical force or elevated temperatures interferes. If they are not exposed to any of these conditions, permanent magnets will lose magnetism on their own. However the degradation is very slow-about 1% every ten years.

After the materials in the magnets are separated, the reusable metals go to a scrap yard where it is crushed into cubes.Then they send it to a melting plant to be melted down into new metals.

"Cobalt." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., 2013. Wikipedia. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt>.

Condo, Anthony. "There Are Many Ways of Making a Magnet." Cornell Center for Materials Research. Cornell University, 2013. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/?quid=738>.

Hogan, Michael. "Nickel." The Encylopedia of Earth. N.p.: n.p., 2012. The Encylopedia of Earth. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nickel?topic=49557">.

"Iron." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., 2013. Wikipedia. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron>.

"Magnet." Wikipedia. 2013. Wikipedia. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet>.

"Neodymium." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., 2013. Wikipedia. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium>.

"Nickel." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., 2013. Wikipedia. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel>.

"Recycling Magnets." Arnold Magnetic Technologies Corp. Arnold Magnetic Technologies, 2013. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. <http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/Magnet_Recycling.aspx

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