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Transcript

Remember our onion cells?

Looking Inside Cells

Cells We Know...

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Specialized Cells

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

As you leave the nucleus, you will find yourself in the cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm is the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It is a clear, thick, gel-like fluid that is constantly moving.

Many organelles are found in the cytoplasm.

Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they convert energy in food (sugar) molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.

Energy released by the mitochondria is stored in a substance called ATP (the fuel for the cell) that the cell uses to do work.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Chloroplasts

Lysosome

Lysosome

Lysosomes are small, round structures that contain chemicals that break down certain materials in the cell.

Some chemicals break down large food particles into smaller ones. Other lysosomes break down old cell parts and release the substances so that they can be reused.

In a way, the lysosomes are the cell's clean-up crew.

Chloroplasts are the green organelles found in plant cells.

Animal cells cannot make their own food, but plant cells are different. They CAN make their own food.

Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food (sugar) for the cell. We call this process photosynthesis.

The sugars made by the chloroplasts is the food that the mitochondria use to make ATP (energy) for the cell.

Chloroplasts also contain the chlorophyll that make leaves green.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum looks like a maze of passage ways.

The endoplasmic reticulum (or ER for short) is a system of folded membranes that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to the another. Think of it as the internal delivery system of the cell.

There are two kinds of ER--smooth E. and rough ER.

Rough ER = the part of the ER covered in ribosomes (the tiny organelles that make proteins). Rough ER is usually found near the nucleus.

Smooth ER = does not contain ribosomes. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell.

Vacuole

The Vacuole is a large fluid-filled sac, floating in the cytoplasm.

Vacuoles are the storage areas of cells. They store food and other materials that the cell needs.

Vacuoles can also store waste products. These vacuoles contain digestive enzymes (a kind of protein) like lysosomes to aid in cellular digestion and break down waste materials.

Most plant cells have one large vacuole.

Some animal cells have vacuoles, others do not.

Golgi Bodies

The Golgi Bodies are also folds of membranes, but these can be thought of as the cell's mail room.

The Golgi Bodies recieves proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell

Ribosomes

Attached to some of the surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum are small, grain-like bodies called ribosomes.

Other ribosomes float in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes function as factories to produce proteins.

Ribosomes will travel from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi bodies.

A Plant Cell

Organelles

Cells may be very small, but there are even smaller structures inside cells! These structures are called organelles. Organelles carry out specific functions within the cells.

Just as your stomach, lungs, and heart have different functions in your body, each organelle has a different function within the cell.

The Cell (Plasma) Membrane

After you break through the cell wall, the next barrier you must cross is the cell membrane.

All cells have a cell membrane. In cells that have cell walls (like this plant cell) the cell membrane is located just inside the cell wall. In other cells without cell walls (like animal cells) the cell membrane forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment.

The Cell Membrane controls what substances come into and out of a cell.

Everything the cell needs (from food to oxygen) enters through the cell membrane. For a cell to survive, the cell membrane must allow these materials to pass in and out.

In addition, the cell membrane prevents harmful materials from entering the cell.

Think of it like a window screen. A screen lets air and sunlight in but keeps bugs out!

The Cell Wall

In order to get into a plant cell, we must first get through the cell wall.

The cell wall is a rigid layer of non-living material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

A plant's cell wall helps to protect and support the cell. It is made mostly of a strong material called cellulose.

Although the cell wall is tough, many materials, such as water and oxygen, can pass through it easily.

Animal cells do NOT have cell walls.

Name the Differences Between...

Nerve Cells

Nerve Cells are specialized to transmit information from one part of your body to another

Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells carry oxygen throughout your body.

The Nuclear Envelope

The Nucleus

The nuclear envelope is a membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

The nuclear envelope protects the nucleus.

Materials pass in and out of the nucleus through small pores (holes) in the nuclear envelope.

Let's find a pore in the nuclear envelope and explore what's inside the nucleus.

As you continue into the cell a large, oval structure comes into view. This structure is the nucleus and it acts kind of like the "brain" of the cell.

You can think of the nucleus as the cell's control center, directing all of the cell's activities.

The Nucleolus

The small dark spot within the nucleus is called the nucleolus.

This is where Ribosomes are made.

Ribosomes are the organelles were proteins (important chemicals in cells) are produced.

Chromatin

How does the nucleus "know" how to direct the cell?

The thin strands floating within the nucleus are called chromatin and chromatin contains the genetic material--the instructions for directing the cell's functions.

For example: the instructions in the chromatin ensure that the onion cells grow and divide to form more onion cells.

In many-celled organisms, cells are often organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.

An organ, such as your brain, is made of many kinds of tissue that function together.

In addition to nervous tissue, the brain contains other kinds of tissue that support and protect it.

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Ex: Your brain is made up of nervous tissue which is made up of nerve cells.

Your brain is part of your nervous system, which is an organ system that directs body activities and processes.

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

Plants and animals (including yourself) contain many cells.

In a many-celled organism, the cells are often quite different from each other and are specialized to perform specific functions.

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