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Austria:

  • Broke out in major cities
  • Smuggled Books
  • Students demanded Change
  • Lois Kossuth
  • Regained control in Vienna

Italy:

  • Nationalists want constitutional government
  • Independent Republics
  • Expelled Pope
  • Canceled Reforms

German States:

  • Demand of National Liberty and liberal reforms
  • King Fredrick William IV agrees to a constitution (within a year he dissolved the assembly)
  • Republic vs Monarchy
  • 1850 rebellion faded

Chapter 20 Section Two: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

The Spirit of Reform Spreads

February Days and June Days

The French Revolt Again in 1848

• February 1848- government took movements to stop the critics and prevent angry crowds and public meetings

• During "February Days" carts were overturned, paving stones were put out of place, and trees blocked the streets of Paris

○ Church bells rang alarms while revolutionists sang the revolutionary anthem "La Marseillaise"

• As the turmoil spread, Louis Philippe relinquished

○ Liberal, radical, and socialist leaders announced the Second Republic

  • Liberals wanted moderate political reforms, socialists wanted extreme social and economic changed and forced the government to set up national workshops to provide jobs for the unemployed

• In the 1840's the people of France were unhappy again.

• Radicals formed secret societies to work for a French republic

• By the end of the decade, the country found itself in a recession- period of reduced economic activity

  • ○ Factories shut down
  • ○ People lost their jobs
  • ○ Poor harvest
  • Bread prices rose
  • ○ Blamed government officials for France's problems

The French rebellions inspired many countries across Europe.

  • One notable success took place in 1830. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna had united Austrian-Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and the Kingdom of Holland. The French-speaking Belgian bourgeoisie resented the arrangement because of the major differences between the two cultures. Citizens took arms against Dutch troops in Brussels and eventually Belgium won its independence.

  • However, nationalists in Poland staged uprising for independence and failed. By the 1700s Poland had been divided up by Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

• By June, the upper and middle class won government control

• They saw the national workshops as a waste of money and shut them down

• Workers took the street of Paris but bourgeois liberals reacted violently to the protesters

○ At least 1500 people were killed before the government stopped the rebellion

• The fight left a bitter legacy

○ The middle class was afraid of and did not trust the socialists, while the working class hated the bourgeoisie deeply

The Barricades

A New Napoleon Comes to Power

• By the end of 1848, the National Assembly, ran by those who wanted to restore order, drew up a constitution for the Second Republic

  • ○ Created strong president and one-house legislature
  • ○ Gave all adult men the right to vote

• When presidential elections were help, the winner was Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

○ "new" Napoleon won the working class by presenting himself as a man who cared about social issues such as poverty

○ His famous name helped him with the conservatives

• Napoleon used his position as an aid to greater power

  • ○ 1852, he made himself emperor, taking the title Napoleon III
  • This ended the Second Republic

• Napoleon used a plebiscite to win public approval for his role of power

  • ○ 90% of voters supported his movement to set up the Second Empire

• Napoleon III ruled at the time of economic growth

  • He would embark on foreign adventures that would bring down his empire and end French leadership in Europe

French Rebels Win in 1830

  • After the death of Louis XVIII in 1824, his younger brother Charles X inherited the throne. He was a strong believer in absolutism. He suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press.
  • Liberals and radicals (those favoring extreme change) responded with force and angry citizens threw barricades in the narrow streets of Paris. The rebellion frightened the Charles abdicated and fled to England.
  • With the king gone, moderate liberals decided to set up a constitutional monarchy choosing Louis Philippe as king.
  • Louis Philippe was called France's ''citizen king'' because he owed his crown to the people of France.

Revolution Spreads Through Europe

  • In 1848, the revolts in Paris caused for an obscene amount of revolutions to occur across Europe
  • Called Springtime of the Peoples
  • Grievances had been piling up for years
  • Three main reasons for these revolutions
  • Middle class wanted more political power
  • Workers wanted relief
  • Nationalists wanted to over throw foreign rule

Revolts In Austria, Italy, and in the German States

Poland's Revolution

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