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Explain why cells need to have internal structural organization and support.
Explain the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
Compare the components of the cytoskeleton.
Explain the structure and function of the cell membrane.
Describe the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins in cell membrane function.
Explain the structure and function of the cell wall.
Compare the structures of plant-like, fungal, and bacterial cell walls.
Explain the structure and function of the extracellular matrix.
Compare the structure and function of different types of intercellular junctions.
What does the internal structure of a cell look like?
How do cells separate themselves from their environments?
How do cells communicate with the environment?
How do cells communicate with other cells?
The Life of the Cell
Motility related extensions of cytoskeletal proteins
A network of structural proteins that extends throughout the cytoplasm.
All cells must do the following things to stay alive:
Many cells will also do the following :
Motion of the cell through space
Animal-like cell only microtubule-organizing center
Origin of all microtubules in cell. Major role in animal-like cell division
Various, depending on the role they play:
membrane proteins are mobile in the cell membrane:
The "Fluid Mosaic Model": A phospholipid bi-layer with associated proteins
Many and more. Here's brief overview:
Integral proteins that span the bi-layer with regions ("domains") that extend extra- and intra-cellularly.
Integral proteins that span the bi-layer with short polysaccharide residues projecting extra-cellularly into the environment
Signal Transduction: The receipt of chemical messages from the environment and the relay (transduction") of those messages into the cell for response.
Cell-Cell Recognition: Glycoproteins serve as an identifying marker in cellular populations (like your body).
("Extracellular Matrix")
A cross-linked network of structural polysaccharides.
Proteins that connect cells to other cells.
Depending on the junction, a channel between cells may exist
A network of connective proteins and "proteoglycan" molecules outside of the cell membrane of animal cells
Plant-like cells
Fungal cells
Anchorage & Transport ("open" junctions only)
Bacterial Cells
Cell anchorage. Cell communication.
Structural support only! Cell walls are non-living
No Cell Walls in Animal-like Cells!
Only animal cells have any major ECM...
Plasmodesmata:
Open channels in plant cell walls
Tight Junctions:
Cell-cell connections that make a waterproof seal.
Gap Junctions:
Open channels between animal cells
Desmosomes:
Cellular "rivets" that anchor cells to basement mebranes in tissues
...Why?