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By the mid-1800s, factories were powered by electricity to make new products. In 1807, William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium. Belgium was the European nation after Britain to industrialize. Nations such as Germany, France, and the United States had a bigger supply of coal, iron, and other resources.
A British economist, Thomas Malthus, saw the effects of the population increase. He noticed crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment, and widespread misery. After he published An Essay on the Principle of Population, he concluded that poverty was unavoidable because population was increasing faster than food supply.
The population explosion started in the 1700s and continued through the 1800s. Cities grew as people moved from rural ares to urban areas. By the end of the centuries, European and American cities had many of the features that they have today.
first airplane
The new upper class included very rich business families. The middle class was separated by higher and lower middle class. The higher middle class included doctors and scientists. The lower middle class included teachers and office workers. Workers and peasants were at the base of the social class.
telegraph
In the late 1800s, reformers persuaded governments to build public schools and require education for all children. Schools taught punctuality, obedience, authority, work habits, and patriotism. More and more children went to school and colleges and universities expanded, too.
Working hours were long, shifts lasted from 12-16 hours, 6 or 7 days a week. The workers could only take only take breaks wen they were given permission by the owners. It sucked for exhausted workers because they could suffer from accidents. Workers who worked in the textile mills could most likely damage their lungs by breathing in the air filled with lint. Sick or injured workers got fired.
The Dutch combined smaller fields into larger fields use the lands better. Some farmers mixed different kinds of soil to get different crops. Millions of acres were enclosed, while farm output rose. Profits also rose because large fields didn't need many workers. The agricultural revolution increased the population because it created a large amount of food so people ate better. Also, medical car improved so more people felt better with good hygiene and sanitation.
Big business was run by entrepreneurs who financed, manufactured, and distributed goods. Owners sold stock to investors. Each stockholder had a tiny part of ownership in a company. Powerful business leaders developed monopolies and trusts.
The Industrial Revolution brought rapid movement to cities. Changes in farming caused large amounts of people to move from farms to cities. In the 1750s, Manchester's population was 17,000, by 1801, it was 70,000.
What? The Industrial Revolution
Where? Started in Britain then spread to Europe, North America, and around the world
When? Mid-1700s
Why? It was a process from hand tools and farming to machines and factories
children working
Britain's largest industry was textiles. Even after the putting-out system, production was slow. Inventors came up with devices that revolutionized the British textile industry. The new machines were too large and expensive to be used at home. Manufacturers built sheds to help the machines.
Steam engine locomotive
As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster methods of moving goods place to place. In 1763 the Bridgewater canal opened, it made a profit off tolls and cut coal prices in half. The growth of railroads increased when the invention of the steam locomotive was made in the early 1800s. Inventors built machines to produce large quantities of goods but when that happened, prices fell.
The Industrial Revolution brought great riches to the entrepreneurs but it also brought poverty and harsh living conditions. People would benefit from industrialization but until then it gave working people dangerous working conditions(unsafe, unsanitary, over-crowded housing and unrelenting poverty).
Workers protested low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and constant threat of unemployment. Men and women joined socialist parties or organized unions. Workers could also organize unions to bargain on their behalf. The purpose of unions was the strike, workers used strikes to demand better working conditions and wage increases.
City planners created new squares and boulevards that had big space. They lined the avenues with buildings, offices, stores, and theaters. Gas lamps and electric street lights were used to increase safety. Cities organized police forces and expanded fire protection. Even though cities were improving, urban life was still harsh for the poor.
bridgewater canal
The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class, the bourgeoisie. The came from a variety of backgrounds. The working class had to live in foul-smelling slums while the wealthy and middle classes lived in pleasant homes. Although labor unions were illegal at the time, secret unions did exist. This caused the British to get mad and start riots.
The automobile was invented by Karl Benz in 1886. This automobile had 3 wheels at the time.
The main proponent of the Laissez-Faire was Adam Smith and he said that the free market would help everyone, not just the rich. The free market would produce goods at lower prices so they would be affordable for everyone.
In the late 1800s, women's right was one of the main problem. At this time, the middle class was domination society.
Some women and women's groups protested restrictions on women. In Europe and the United States, women protested for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws. Women's groups supported the temperance movement, which was a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcohol. Temperance leaders argued that drinking threatened family life. They also wanted to ban it because it was more productive for the workforce.
Researchers started coming up with theories about the natural world. In the early 1800s, John Dalton proved that each element has its own atoms. Charles Lyell showed evidence that the earth was formed over millions of years. Charles Darwin argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years.
While the laissez-faire focused on individual rights, other thinkers focused on society. To end poverty and injustice, they had a solution which was socialism. The people as a whole would own and operate farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced goods.
A German philosopher, Karl Marx, developed a theory which was "scientific socialism." At first, Marxism gained popularity around the world. Russian socialists embraced marxism in the late 1800s. Most of the 1900s, revolutionaries would use Marxist ideas to their own situations.
Karl Benz was born in Germany on November 25, 1844. He was a mechanical engineer who invented the first three-wheeled automobile. It was invented and first ran in 1885. His company invented a four-wheeled car in 1893.
The early industrialization brought horrible outcomes, but over time the working conditions improved. Eventually the working-class men were allowed to vote. Even though the Industrialization Revolution had bad effects like low pay and poor working conditions, it did have positive effects. More produced goods grew, new factories were built which caused more jobs.
By the 1880s, science, technology, and industry caused economic growth. An American inventor William Kelly and Henry Bessemer invented a new process for making steel to iron. Chemists created many new products like medicine, perfumes, and soaps. In the late 1800s, a new power source, electricity, was invented.
Nutrition improved, which means people started eating better and feeling better. The population really soared at this time because death rates fell. Since the 1600s, scientists have known about these microscopic organisms called microbes. Some scientists discovered that certain microbes can cause certain diseases. In the early 1840s, anesthesia was used to relieve pain during surgery.