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Literacy in Bali
1
Early Literacy in Bali
Original inhabitants from Taiwan
Austronesian Languages
Indonesian Language
Latin script
Balinese Language
http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/udhr/udhr_balinese.mp3
Scripts
Nagari (north India)
Sanskrit
Old Kawi (from Java)
Balinese Script
But not Chinese
India
Conquest
There is no written evidence in India or Indonesia of conquering heroes
Trade
India- China trade routes passed through the archipelego.
Buddhism
Powerful pull towards India and also missionary zeal in 1st centuries CE
Hinduism
Arrived in the archipelego between the 1st and 5th centuries CE. Brought by a small group of priests, enticed by pilgrims from a ruling elite.
Writing Materials
Lontar (palm leaves)
Based on an Indian Tradition of palm leaf writing. Perhaps introduced as early as the 1st century CE by Indian traders.
After a ritual cleansing at a temple, a Lontar is sung to evoke its ancient wisdom. Each Lontar has a specific keeper responsible for singing it on appropriate holidays or when someone has need of its knowledge. In addition, this individual is responsible for copying the Lontar when it begins to deteriorate and for passing the responsibility on to a successor, usually within the family. Since not all of the information related to a Lontar is written down on the palm leaf, without the assistance of the keeper, nuances and secret information are lost.
During the Dutch occupation of Bali, many Lontar were removed to Dutch museums. Some were returned in a repatriation effort several years ago. Other Lontar have been lost due to a lack of interest by keepers' descendants.
http://www.ringingrocks.org/projects/lontar_vol3/usada%20rare/pages/page01.htm
Lontar
Reading Practices
Not silent or private
Access (used to be) restricted:
- purification
- mediation
Collective/Communal:
- clubs
- reader/translator
Stone
Bronze
"copperplate" (oldest extant 882 CE)
Paper (20th century)
Contemporary Literacy in Indonesia
Youth (15–24 years) literacy rate, 2003–2007*, male and female = 99% (http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics.html)
Sources
- Jean Gelman Taylor. Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. Yale. (2003)
- Raechelle Raminstein. "Leaves of Palm: Balinese Lontar." In Illuminations: the writing traditions of Indonesia(1996)
- F. D. K. Bosch. "The problem of the Hindu Colonisation of Indonesia." In Selected Studies in Indonesian Archaeology (1938)
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics.html
- http://www.ringingrocks.org/projects/lontarArchive.php
- http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm
Clip on lontar reading practices from "The Three Wolrds of Bali" (1979.)"
Borassus Flabillifer