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THE GOODENOUGH HARRIS DRAWING TEST

Formerly: Goodenough Draw A Man Test

Background Info

By: Dustyn Lang, Julie Sauve, Ashley Guertin

BRIEF BIOGRAPHY

FLORENCE GOODENOUGH

  • Youngest child, farming family, never married, retired early due to physical degeneration, passed away due to stroke in 1959
  • worked with Terman at Stanford (intelligence tests)

DALE HARRIS

  • Worked with Goodenough expanded knowledge of the drawing test
  • Revised the DAM TEST

Founders:

Florence Goodenough

and

Dr. Dale B Harris

HISTORY

Machover's Draw A Person test

consists of same tasks as GDHT but uses a different scoring system. It can be used to measure children psychologically, or as a measure of mental ability.

1963 GHDT

(Goodenough-Harris) Drawing test

1949 -(Machover)

Draw a person test

Draw a man test

1926

1988 - (Naglieri)

Draw A Person : A Quantitative Scoring System

(Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2003)

  • children were asked to draw a picture of a man on a blank sheet of paper

Original Test:

(Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2003)

1926 - Goodenough

Draw a man test

Draw A Person test

1949

  • Child is asked to draw a picture of a man, woman and them self
  • Believed test helped to uncover personality traits depending on what characteristics were included in their drawing

Goodenough Harris Drawing test

1963

(Cox, 1993)

  • children are asked to make 3 separate drawings: one of a male, one of a female and one of themself.
  • separate scoring protocols for man drawing vs. woman drawing.
  • scores of man drawing vs. scores of woman drawing were averaged out
  • drawing of self remained unscored

DAP: A Quantitative Scoring System

1988

(Harris, 1963)

Scales/Dimensions of Measurement

  • Asked to draw three drawings: one of a man, one of a women and one of the self
  • The child is asked questions about the drawings
  • Questions are used to try and reveal child's anxieties, self-esteem level, personality and impulses.
  • Assesses psychological issues such as mood disorders.

Uses single continuous scale but 2 developmental dimensions:

1. Core feature: image has characteristics of person (arms, head, eyes, trunk, etc.)

2. Elaboration: image has extra details (clothes, neck, etc.)

NORMS show difference between males and females

SCORING CRITERIA

(Jolley, 2012)

73 criteria either present or absent, 1 pt each

12 quality scale cards

raw score into standardized score

-mean of 100 and a SD of 15.

Norms

  • Scored by Psych Students
  • 2975 individuals, equal M&F

(Harris, 1963)

  • 4 Regions, 75 from each age group

GIRLS SCALE

  • 7 Occupational Sub-scales

BOYS SCALE

(Harris, 1963)

Test Usage

Draw A Person: Screening

Procedure of Emotional Disturbance

(Harris, 1963)

  • educational settings
  • used in batterys of psychological testing
  • gives a quick but rough estimate of child’s IQ
  • can be administered in groups or individually
  • evaluate children with auditory handicaps and suspected neurological weaknesses

GHDT Pros/Cons

  • Created by Naglieri in 1992.
  • More specific scoring system
  • based on large standardization sample
  • Scoring method: 55 items are rated based on drawings/answers given to questions

(Jolley, 2010)

  • Quick (15mins), easy and cost efficient to administer and score.
  • Non-threatening to participants.
  • Widely used.
  • unsuitable to compare children across cultures but still may rank children within a culture according to emotional maturity (Harris, 1963).
  • Non-verbal: transcends language barriers.
  • Results alone based off of the GHDT can be misleading therefore it is important to be used within a battery of tests.

Research Examples

GENERAL PROCEDURE OF ADMINISTRATION

  • 318 Eskimo children tested in several remote Alaskan schools.
  • Means of Eskimo children then compared with normative means
  • Eskimo children scored slightly higher
  • a smaller amount of cases sampled than normative sample, therefore this difference may be due to sampling error or may be due to cultural differences

Reliability

GHDT

(Harris, 1963)

D-A-M (1963) test

  • Interrater reliability: mid .90s
  • Test-retest: .75
  • Internal consistency: .80 (Chronbach's Alpha)
  • Split-Half: .77 Spearman Brown Formula
  • Normed on children aged 5-17
  • Surveyed children with various racial & ethnic groups
  • Administered by educators or psychology professionals.
  • The examiner records the respondent's information (name, age, school-grade, sex).
  • The respondent is asked to draw a picture of a man, a woman and themselves on a blank sheet of paper.
  • Paper and pencil test.
  • Administered in groups or individually.
  • Un-timed, but generally takes about 15 minutes.

(Smith, 1987)

Sketches

Validity

Concurrent Validity

Age 6.5

  • Correlations between DAM and Binet IQ (.78)
  • Correlations between DAM and WISC and Stanford Binet Scales

Age 4.5

(Dunn, 1967).

Discriminant Validity

Level B

Test

  • Difficult to define due to variety of applications
  • DAM is a projective test making validity low

References

  • Cox, M. (1993). Children's drawings of the human figure. Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Inc. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=UTWjNsST3skC&pg=PA77&dq=draw a person test&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UvVcUbSgKI7Hswb7lYCwCw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ
  • Dunn, James A. (1967). The Reliability and Validity of the new Harris-Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test. Michigan University: Ann Arbor Midwest Research
  • Harris, Dale B (1963). Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity: A Revision and Extension of the Goodenough Draw-a-Man-Test, 1st edn., New York, NY: Harcourt: Brace and World.
  • Jolley, Richard P. (2010) Children and Pictures: Drawing and Understanding. Wiley-Blackwell [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.ca/books?id=QpGS9s9zqMoC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=goodenough+harris+drawing+test+reliability&source=bl&ots=Ph740vDq2o&sig=NpGqXBiiHGYk-73ieG9gTWVqI6E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W49TUbX8EuugyAGW-ID4DA&ved=0CHIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=goodenough%20harris%20drawing%20test%20reliability&f=false (Accessed: March 24 2013).
  • Kaplan, R., & Saccuzzo, D. (2009). Psychological testing - principles, applications and issues. (7 ed.). Stamford, Connecticut : Cengage Learning Inc.
  • Reynolds, C., & Kamphaus, R. (2003). Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children. (2 ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=cOQrEtwSr5QC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=goodenough harris drawing test history&source=bl&ots=RhXoKN3Dm&xsig=-b4DwM7PsgSQwRiKRF99g_ImBN0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A-tcUYXJLcT3sgbx3YDQAg&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCQ
  • Smith, Jeffery K. (1987). Internal Consistency and Bias Considerations of the Goodenough Harris Draw a Man Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 47 (1), 731-736, Retrieved from: http://epm.sagepub.com/content/47/3/731.full.pdf+html
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