THE GOODENOUGH HARRIS DRAWING TEST
Formerly: Goodenough Draw A Man Test
Background Info
By: Dustyn Lang, Julie Sauve, Ashley Guertin
BRIEF BIOGRAPHY
FLORENCE GOODENOUGH
- Youngest child, farming family, never married, retired early due to physical degeneration, passed away due to stroke in 1959
- worked with Terman at Stanford (intelligence tests)
DALE HARRIS
- Worked with Goodenough expanded knowledge of the drawing test
- Revised the DAM TEST
Founders:
Florence Goodenough
and
Dr. Dale B Harris
HISTORY
Machover's Draw A Person test
consists of same tasks as GDHT but uses a different scoring system. It can be used to measure children psychologically, or as a measure of mental ability.
1963 GHDT
(Goodenough-Harris) Drawing test
1949 -(Machover)
Draw a person test
Draw a man test
1926
1988 - (Naglieri)
Draw A Person : A Quantitative Scoring System
(Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2003)
- children were asked to draw a picture of a man on a blank sheet of paper
(Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2003)
1926 - Goodenough
Draw a man test
Draw A Person test
1949
- Child is asked to draw a picture of a man, woman and them self
- Believed test helped to uncover personality traits depending on what characteristics were included in their drawing
Goodenough Harris Drawing test
1963
- children are asked to make 3 separate drawings: one of a male, one of a female and one of themself.
- separate scoring protocols for man drawing vs. woman drawing.
- scores of man drawing vs. scores of woman drawing were averaged out
- drawing of self remained unscored
DAP: A Quantitative Scoring System
1988
Scales/Dimensions of Measurement
- Asked to draw three drawings: one of a man, one of a women and one of the self
- The child is asked questions about the drawings
- Questions are used to try and reveal child's anxieties, self-esteem level, personality and impulses.
- Assesses psychological issues such as mood disorders.
Uses single continuous scale but 2 developmental dimensions:
1. Core feature: image has characteristics of person (arms, head, eyes, trunk, etc.)
2. Elaboration: image has extra details (clothes, neck, etc.)
NORMS show difference between males and females
SCORING CRITERIA
73 criteria either present or absent, 1 pt each
12 quality scale cards
raw score into standardized score
-mean of 100 and a SD of 15.
- 2975 individuals, equal M&F
- 4 Regions, 75 from each age group
- 7 Occupational Sub-scales
Test Usage
Draw A Person: Screening
Procedure of Emotional Disturbance
- educational settings
- used in batterys of psychological testing
- gives a quick but rough estimate of child’s IQ
- can be administered in groups or individually
- evaluate children with auditory handicaps and suspected neurological weaknesses
GHDT Pros/Cons
- Created by Naglieri in 1992.
- More specific scoring system
- based on large standardization sample
- Scoring method: 55 items are rated based on drawings/answers given to questions
- Quick (15mins), easy and cost efficient to administer and score.
- Non-threatening to participants.
- Widely used.
- unsuitable to compare children across cultures but still may rank children within a culture according to emotional maturity (Harris, 1963).
- Non-verbal: transcends language barriers.
- Results alone based off of the GHDT can be misleading therefore it is important to be used within a battery of tests.
Research Examples
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF ADMINISTRATION
- 318 Eskimo children tested in several remote Alaskan schools.
- Means of Eskimo children then compared with normative means
- Eskimo children scored slightly higher
- a smaller amount of cases sampled than normative sample, therefore this difference may be due to sampling error or may be due to cultural differences
Reliability
GHDT
D-A-M (1963) test
- Interrater reliability: mid .90s
- Test-retest: .75
- Internal consistency: .80 (Chronbach's Alpha)
- Split-Half: .77 Spearman Brown Formula
- Normed on children aged 5-17
- Surveyed children with various racial & ethnic groups
- Administered by educators or psychology professionals.
- The examiner records the respondent's information (name, age, school-grade, sex).
- The respondent is asked to draw a picture of a man, a woman and themselves on a blank sheet of paper.
- Paper and pencil test.
- Administered in groups or individually.
- Un-timed, but generally takes about 15 minutes.
Sketches
Validity
Age 6.5
- Correlations between DAM and Binet IQ (.78)
- Correlations between DAM and WISC and Stanford Binet Scales
Age 4.5
- Difficult to define due to variety of applications
- DAM is a projective test making validity low
- Cox, M. (1993). Children's drawings of the human figure. Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Inc. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=UTWjNsST3skC&pg=PA77&dq=draw a person test&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UvVcUbSgKI7Hswb7lYCwCw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ
- Dunn, James A. (1967). The Reliability and Validity of the new Harris-Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test. Michigan University: Ann Arbor Midwest Research
- Harris, Dale B (1963). Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity: A Revision and Extension of the Goodenough Draw-a-Man-Test, 1st edn., New York, NY: Harcourt: Brace and World.
- Jolley, Richard P. (2010) Children and Pictures: Drawing and Understanding. Wiley-Blackwell [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.ca/books?id=QpGS9s9zqMoC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=goodenough+harris+drawing+test+reliability&source=bl&ots=Ph740vDq2o&sig=NpGqXBiiHGYk-73ieG9gTWVqI6E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W49TUbX8EuugyAGW-ID4DA&ved=0CHIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=goodenough%20harris%20drawing%20test%20reliability&f=false (Accessed: March 24 2013).
- Kaplan, R., & Saccuzzo, D. (2009). Psychological testing - principles, applications and issues. (7 ed.). Stamford, Connecticut : Cengage Learning Inc.
- Reynolds, C., & Kamphaus, R. (2003). Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children. (2 ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=cOQrEtwSr5QC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=goodenough harris drawing test history&source=bl&ots=RhXoKN3Dm&xsig=-b4DwM7PsgSQwRiKRF99g_ImBN0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A-tcUYXJLcT3sgbx3YDQAg&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCQ
- Smith, Jeffery K. (1987). Internal Consistency and Bias Considerations of the Goodenough Harris Draw a Man Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 47 (1), 731-736, Retrieved from: http://epm.sagepub.com/content/47/3/731.full.pdf+html