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In conclusion

Thank you!

Find out more about our work at:

www.oecd.org/education

www.pisa.oecd.org

www.data.gov

Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org

...and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinion

Given the uncertainties that accompany change, education stakeholders tend to value the status quo. Systems need to become better at communicating and building support for change.

Understanding learning to improve teaching

Successful reforms tend to involve significant investment in staff development, or clustering reforms to build up support for them in related institutions.

Teacher engagement also requires consistent, co-ordinate efforts to persuade those affected of the need for reform and, in particular, to communicate the costs of non-reform. This may be particularly challenging when the opportunity costs of maintaining the status quo are less apparent than the costs of change.

21st century learning environments

Making reforms work

Make learning central, encourage engagement,

Be the place where students come to understand themselves

  • Policy makers need to build consensus on the aims of education reform and actively engage stakeholders, especially teachers, in formulating and implementing policy responses.
  • Some reforms capitalize on external pressures or crises as part of building a compelling case for change.
  • All political players and stakeholders need to develop more realistic expectations about the pace and nature of reforms to improve outcomes.
  • Reforms need to be backed by sustainable financing.
  • There is some shift away from reform initiatives per se towards building self-adjusting systems with rich feedback at all levels, incentives to react, and tools to strengthen capacities to deliver better outcomes.
  • Investment is needed in change-management skills
  • Evidence needs to feed back to institutions along with tools with which they can use the information

Fostering lifelong skills-oriented learning instead of qualifications-focused education upfront in life course

21st century reforms and labour relations

School leaders develop networks and share their tasks with vice-principals or co-principals, deputy principals, assistant principals, vocational/technical department heads, workshop managers and/or co-coordinators and teachers with special duties. Leadership structures or more informal ad hoc groups based on expertise and current needs are formed to encourage a distribution of responsibilities

Reform must be underpinned by solid research and analysis

Acutely sensitive to individual differences

Promote connections across subjects and activities and beyond school

Learning from comparisons

Governments and unions need to develop their research capacities.

There is need for better links between union researchers and their counterparts in ministries and those in independent research institutes and universities.

PISA shows that, on average now 84% of students are enrolled in schools that have full autonomy in deciding how their budgets are spent, and 57% are in schools that are fully autonomous in formulating their budgets

Globalisation

Socio-economic challenges

Skills have become the currency

of 21st century societies

Why direct measures are so important

Most countries try hard

...Skills change lives...

Conflict between unions and reform has best been avoided not where unions are weak but where they are strong and co-operate with reform

  • because skills have an increasing impact on labour market outcomes and social participation

  • because failure to ensure a good skills match has both short- term consequences (skills shortages) and longer-term effects on economic growth and equality of opportunities

...and drive economies

Beyond math and science

but education doesn't automatically

translate into better outcomes

Success with converting skills into jobs and growth depends on whether...

Understanding what skills drive economic and social outcomes

Learning the right mix of skills in effective, equitable and efficient ways

Economies and labour-markets fully utilize their skill potential

Governments build strong skills systems and effective partnerships with

key stakeholders to find sustainable approaches to who should

pay for what, when and where

``

Different skills

Growing knowledge intensity

The kind of things that are easy to test and teach

are disappearing fastest

Source: Autor, Levy Murnane

The Sutton Trust

17 June 2013

The better a country’s education system performs, the more likely that country is working constructively with its unions and treating its teachers as trusted professional partners

21st century skills

Information literacy, technology

Tools for working

Citizenship

Life and careers

Living in the world

Ways of thinking

Then

Now

Creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, decision-making and learning

Personal and social responsibility

Communication and collaboration

Ways of working

Teachers need to be active agents, not just in the

implementation of reforms, but also in their design

Learning a place

Provision

Prescription

Bureaucratic look-upwards

Management

Public vs. private

Delivered wisdom

Uniformity

Curriculum-centred

Culture as obstacle

Standardisation

Learning an activity

Outcomes

Informed profession

Devolved-look outwards

Leadership

Public with private

User-generated wisdom

Embracing diversity

Learner-centred

Culture as capital

Ingenious

PISA Learning Outcomes (15-year-olds)

Continual assessment with formative feedback

Ensure learning is social and collaborative

Dialogue can involve conversations both within

national professional bodies and among local groups of professionals

Fostering demand-sensitive and relevant learning involving employers

Compared to purely government-designed curricula taught in exclusively school-based systems, learning in the workplace offers important advantages

Developing

21st century teachers

School leaders also played a key role in integrating external and internal accountability systems by supporting their teaching staff in aligning instruction with agreed learning goals and performance standards

To evaluate school performance, two-thirds of OECD countries have regulations that require lower secondary schools to be inspected regularly where leaders are held accountable for their use of public funding and for the structures and processes they establish

Finland has made teaching one of the most sought-after occupations by raising entry standards and giving teachers a high degree of professional responsibility

Demanding to every student without overloading

Teachers need a rich repertoire of teaching strategies, the ability to combine approaches, and the knowledge of how and when to use certain methods and strategies.

Teachers need to be well-versed in the subjects they teach in order to be adept at using different methods and, if necessary, changing their approaches to optimize learning

The strategies used should include direct, whole-group teaching, guided discovery, group work, and the facilitation of self-study and individual discovery.

In Finland, teachers’ time is matched to students’ needs – and this isn’t always class time

Finland’s highly-educated teaching workforce receives a solid base of education theory and is able to apply that to their practice as student teachers, with the support of mentors and team teachers

Sweden introduced curriculum-embedded assessments that avoid the pitfalls of teacher-designed assessments. The are available 'on demand' and designed, administered and scored locally

Teachers need to have a deep understanding of how learning happens, and and strengthen student initiative and create skills

Teachers need the space to design, lead, manage and plan learning environments in collaboration with others

Many Japanese students still struggle with open-ended tasks requiring students to creatively integrate knowledge...

In Shanghai, the Empowered Administration initiative pairs retired school leaders and teachers with struggling schools to provide administrative and pedagogical guidance

...but over the last decade Japan has seen the greatest improvement in PISA in this area among all high-performing nations.

PISA 2006 - 2009

Japan

OECD

Japan

OECD

``

Teachers need to reflect on their practices in order to learn from their experience

Teachers need to acquire strong technology skills and skills to use technology as effective teaching tools, both to optimize the use of digital resources in their teaching and to use information-management systems to track student learning

School leaders continually challenge staff

...How do we know that?...

...Could we test another way of doing it?...

...What do we know about how people in other schools do it?...

The Le@rning Federation is a major digital content project for schools in New Zealand and Australia

Singapore’s Future Schools, encourage innovation and enterprise in teaching practice and flexible learning environments with special emphasis on using technology

Teachers need to be able to work in highly collaborative ways, working with other teachers and professionals or para-professionals within the same organization, or with others in other organizations, in networks of professional communities and in different partnership arrangements, including, for some, mentoring teachers

Ontario's leadership strategy

In Singapore, teachers are encouraged to be lifelong learners and are part of professional learning communities in which teachers can learn from each other and improve their practice

Challenges and opportunities for education

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