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Things that require matter movement:
Energy is Processed NOT "Made"
...Matter is, too!
Explain why cells need to process matter and energy and how they do it.
Explain the relationship between chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Explain the relationship between structure and function in all organelles mentioned in this presentation.
Explain how the organelles in this presentation provide for essential life processes.
Refine your understanding of endosymbiosis in light of the information discussed in this presentation.
What is the relationship between matter and energy?
Why does life require matter?
Why does life require energy?
How do the interactions of cellular components allow the cell to process matter and energy?
*There are a few exceptions
Energy: The ability to do work. Stored in chemical bonds.
Meaning: The ability to move matter around.
2 major sources:
All cells must do the following things to stay alive:
Many cells will also do the following :
Cells convert incoming energy to forms that they can use using two major organelles:
Sunlight
CO2 & H2O
O2 & Sugar
Heat
Energy process: Photosynthesis
From sunlight to Carbohydrates
Energy process: Respiration
From food (glucose) to ATP
ATP = contains easily broken bonds (quick energy usage)
Lysosomal diseases:
Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
The more active the cell, the more mitochondria
Structure:
A sac full of digestive ("hydrolytic") enzymes
Lysosomal "Storage" diseases:
Structure:
Function:
Cytosol pH is 7.
Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5 (why?)
There are all sorts of specialized digestive sacs in cells.
Apoptosis is responsible for the space between your fingers, your nostrils, your eyelids, and generally every hole in your body (that's supposed to be there).
Ex. Peroxisomes
See if you can guess which of these 2 white blood cells has gone apoptopic.
Hint: an apoptopic cell breaks apart into vesicles called "blebs". The blebs are absorbed by neighboring cells.
Mitochondria reproduce independently of the cell
Central vacuoles: in many mature plant cells
Structure:
An membranous sac full of "storage" materials.
Functions:
Food vacuoles: Contain undigested food. Fuse with lysosomes.
Function:
Aerobic cellular respiration
Can you spot the difference?
Contractile vacuoles: in freshwater protists, pump excess H2O out of cell.
Thank your mitochondria!
Plant-like cell
Animal-like cell
Chloroplasts make plants green (why?)
Structure:
How can we explain these facts?
Only plant-like cells have chloroplasts!
Endosymbiosis
Similar patterns of plastid evolution & diversification are seen in algae, too.
Chloroplasts are just one of a group of plant organelles called "plastids" All plastids are the products of endosymbiosis (DNA sequence analysis puts plastid ancestors near modern cyanobacteria)
give flowers and fruit their colors
Function:
Photosynthesis
stores lipids
stores protein
synthesize and store starch