MOBILITY

At the time of the relevant deadline for submission of proposals (IF), or recruitment by the host organisation (ITN), researchers shall not have resided or carried out their main activity (work , studies, etc) in the country of their host organisation for more than 12 months in the 3 years immediately prior to the reference date. Compulsory national service and/or short stays such as holidays are not taken into account. As far as international European interest organisations or international organisations are concerned, this rule does not apply to the hosting of eligible researchers. However the appointed researcher shall not have spent more than 12 months in the 3 years immediately prior to the reference date, depending on the action, in the same appointing organisation.

In the Career Restart Panel and the Reintegration Panel in IF, researchers shall not have resided or carried out their main activity in the country of their host organisation for more than 3 years in the 5 years immediately prior to the relevant deadline for submission of proposals.

Supported researchers fall into two categories: early-stage or experienced researchers:

Early-stage researchers (ESR) shall at the time of recruitment (ITN, COFUND) or secondment (RISE) by the host organisation, be in the first four years (full-time equivalent research experience) of their research careers and have not been awarded a doctoral degree.

Experienced researchers (ER) shall, at the time of the relevant deadline for submission of proposals (IF), recruitment (COFUND) or secondment (RISE) by the host organisation, be in possession of a doctoral degree or have at least four years of full-time equivalent research experience.

Full-time equivalent research experience is measured from the date when a researcher obtained the degree which would formally entitle him or her to embark on a doctorate, either in the country in which the degree was obtained or in the country in which the researcher is recruited or seconded, irrespective of whether or not a doctorate is or was ever envisaged.

Mobility is a key requirement in the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions. Researchers receive funding on the condition that they move from one country to another to broaden or deepen their competences (H2020_Working Programme MSCA 2014-15)

Limitations regarding the researchers' origin and destination should be avoided.

Proposed fellowship programmes are encouraged to cover all research disciplines ("bottom- up"), but can also focus on specific disciplines. In this case, the range of covered disciplines should allow reasonable flexibility for the researchers. Programmes that prioritise specific research disciplines based on national or regional Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3 strategies) will also be supported.

The selections should be based on open, widely advertised competition, with transparent international peer review and the selection of candidates on merit.

research teams will not be funded.

Duration of support

Fellowship programmes should be based on individual-driven mobility, i.e., researchers should be able to freely choose a research topic and the appropriate host organisation fitting their individual needs.

Participants are organisations from the academic or the non-academic sector

On top of transnational mobility, applicants are encouraged to include elements of cross-sectoral mobility into their programmes

the lack of openness of researchers careers in Europe, prevent the development of proper career perspectives at European level as well as the emergence of a real employment market for researchers in Europe, whether considered from a geographical, sectoral, or gender perspective (ResearchersCareer_COM(2003) 436)

The feasibility of setting up a sustainable European-wide system to provide a dynamic overview, both in the public and private sectors, of researchers' stocks, inflows and outflows, career paths, geographical and intersectoral mobility flows is currently being explored. The development of the system, which will build on existing data, studies and knowledge across Europe, will take several years to become fully operational. The SG HRM expressed its support for developing such a dynamic tool which will show overall tendencies on mobility flows and researcher careers. The project is called “Human Resources in Research & Development: Integrated Information System on the Career Paths and Mobility Flows of Researchers” (IISER) (3rd Implement Rep Mob Strat_SEC(2005)

Incoming foreign researchers will be gradually incorporated from 2005 onwards in the Eurostat data collections and data compilations (such as the R&D statistics questionnaire or the data compiled on Human Resources in Science and Technology); the UNESCO- UIS/OECD/Eurostat education questionnaire concerning foreign student tabulations, and in particular the doctorate numbers (enrolled or graduated) will be revised in order to ensure comparability of data (3rd Implement Rep Mob Strat_SEC(2005)

Mobility funding schemes

...the way, in which research careers are structured and organised in Europe, does not allow Europe to fully exploit its potential in this field. (ResearchersCareer_COM(2003) 43)

Global competition

Stats

A new initiative by the OECD, Eurostat and UNESCO is to harmonise national surveys on the Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH). Such surveys currently exist in 17 countries but with various objectives, population (doctorates, graduates...) and frequency, which hampers their comparability. The aim of this project is to collect harmonised statistics on the career paths of doctorate holders, emphasising issues such as mobility, career paths and funding. DG Research fully supports this project, the purpose of which is to ensure comparability of core data, and it has invited Member States through the SG HRM to join this initiative (3rd Implement Rep Mob Strat_SEC(2005)

Actions of the Specific Programme “Structuring the European Research Area for Human Resources and Mobility”, henceforth known as the “Marie Curie actions”, have been allocated a budget of 1.58 billion € (2002-2006) - a near 70% increase in comparison to the previous Framework Programme (1st Implement Rep Mob Strat_SEC(2003) 146)

Compared to its main competitors, the situation of human resources in R&D in Europe over recent years raises a series of concerns: the workforce in R&D is relatively low, as researchers account for only 5.1 in every thousand of the workforce in Europe, against 7.4 in the US and 8.9 in Japan. This difference is even more marked if one considers only the number of researchers employed in industry: 2.5 in every thousand in Europe, against 7.0 in the US and 6.3 in Japan. Europe also seems to face a brain drain to the US of young scientific and technological personnel (Mobility Strategy_COM(2001) 331)

There is a striking lack of comprehensive statistics about mobility of researchers in the majority of Member States, even in countries with regular collection of information and nation-wide registers. This concerns both incoming and outgoing researchers. The information available is often dispersed and incomplete. For instance, labour force surveys are not particularly helpful, because researchers are not identified as a distinct group. Complementary work is needed, in particular by the Member States, in order to obtain the relevant statistics and to identify with greater precision the existing mobility patterns and the difficulties encountered at different stages of the researcher’s career (Mobility Strategy_COM(2001) 331)

In support of the creation of a genuine European labour market for researchers, a coherent set of accompanying actions is to be implemented, with a view to removing obstacles to mobility and to enhancing the career perspectives of researchers in Europe (PeopleProgramme_L 400-276)

Career

host-driven actions

Europe is still suffering from structural weaknesses where research is concerned. In 1999 the EU invested EUR 70 billion less than the United States in research and development. It now lags behind the US and Japan in terms of research spending as a proportion of GDP (1.8% compared with 2.7% and 3.1% respectively), but also in terms of the number of researchers, the number of patents and high-technology exports per capita (Guidelines for EU research activities (2002-2006)_COM (2000) 612)

individual-driven actions

The Commission has developed in its proposal for a new framework programme for research (2002-2006) (NFP) an unprecedented effort to enhance the Human Resource dimension in Science, and more particularly the values of mobility (Mobility Strat ERA_COM(2001) 331)

FP6- Human resources and mobility

return and reintegration mechanisms

Insufficient numbers of opportunities exist to obtain positions, fellowships, return and or re-integration grants etc, especially at mid-career and senior researcher level (A Mobility Strat for the ERA_COM(2001)331)

The average research effort in the Union (the differences being significant from one country to another) is currently only 1.8% of Europe’s GDP, as against 2.8% in the United States and 2.9% in Japan. What is more, this gap seems to be on the increase. The difference between total public and private expenditure on research in the US and Europe amounted to some EUR 60 billion in 1998, as against 12 billion in 1992. In terms of employment researchers account for only 2.5 in every thousand of the industrial workforce in Europe, as against 6.7‰ in the United States and 6‰ in Japan (Towards a European research area_COM(2000) 6)

excellence promotion and recognition

The EU spends only 1.9% of its GDP on research and development, as compared with 2.7% for the USA, a figure which is still rising, and 3% for Japan. Although it accounts for one-third of total world output of scientific publications, Europe lags behind its competitors in terms of number of patent applications and its trade balance in high-tech products is in deficit (The ERA. Providing new momentum_COM(2002) 565)

Mobility is often not sufficiently appreciated. For researchers without a permanent position, there is a fear of being left ‘out of the system’ if they go abroad. Researchers who have been away from their national research system for some years have often difficulties to obtain a position on returning home. For more established researchers, leave of absence can be of disadvantage to the career advancement. The research undertaken abroad or in the other sector may not be adequately appreciated. Researchers who move with the intention of a long-term stay in another country have often to ‘start from the beginning’ in the new country: they may lose the recognition and social status they have had (A Mobility Strat for the ERA_COM(2001)331)

The Seventh Framework Programme, the 'Marie Curie Actions' have been regrouped and reinforced in the 'People' Specific Programme. Entirely dedicated to human resources in research, this Specific Programme has a significant overall budget of more than € 4,7 billion over a seven year period until 2013, which represents a 50% rise on average as compared to FP6 (Working Programme People 2007)

FP7-People

The EU is also facing a situation of 'innovation emergency'. Europe is spending 0.8% of GDP less than the US and 1.5% less than Japan every year on Research & Development (R&D). [...]

Thousands of the best researchers and innovators have moved to countries where conditions are more favorable. Although the EU market is the largest in the world, it remains fragmented and not enough innovation-friendly

(Students_and_Researchers_proposal_COM(2013) 151)

Research positions are often still not advertised internationally, the application submission time is too short and there are difficulties related with the recognition of diplomas from other countries (A Mobility Strat for the ERA_COM(2001)331)

Social security rights and fiscal issues

Initial training

Life-long training

Industry-academia pathways and partnerships

International dimension

Researchers' Night

(...) sufficient compatibility between the different national regulations is indispensable in order to avoid breeding confusion rather than adding opportunities for citizen choice and mobility (Mobilising the brainpower of Europe_COM(2005)15)

cross-sectoral mobility

the unsolved problem of cross-sectoral mobility

Awarding €6.16 billion in the period to 2020

Against this background, the objective of the European Research Area initiative combines three related and complementary concepts:

1. the creation of an "internal market" in research, an area of free movement of knowledge, researchers and technology, with the aim of increasing co- operation, stimulating competition and achieving a better allocation of resources (...) The ERA_ Providing new momentum_COM(2002) 56

an end

bilateral taxation agreements are missing with some relevant countries, introducing the risk of double taxation, including the double taxation of pensions (2nd Implement Rep Mob Strat (2004)

H2020-Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions (MSCA)

Several obstacles stand in the way of a genuine European research labour market. One of the most important is the lack of transparent, open and merit-based recruitment, which makes research careers less attractive and hampers mobility, gender equality and research performance (ERA Communication_COM(2012)392)

On the [...] theme of cross-sectoral mobility, there is a clear need to meet the demands of knowledge circulation and exchange. The Aho Group noted that in a company the turnover between an R&D lab and other parts of the business was typically 10% of personnel and suggested that this could be a social benchmark for inter-sectoral mobility, notably between public research and business. If newly qualified researchers moving into employment are excluded, such mobility is probably more than an order of magnitude less than this level. This particular dimension of mobility is closely connected to the goal of fostering effective knowledge-transfer (Report of the ERA Expert Group, 2008)

Financing of structured mobility schemes for researchers. These will essentially be geared to the development and transfer of research competencies, the consolidation and widening of researchers’ career prospects and the promotion of excellence in European research. The widely recognised Marie Curie name will apply to all the actions concerned (Council decision_structuring the ERA" (2002-2006)_2002)

Completing ERA also means realising the 'fifth freedom' - free circulation of researchers and scientific knowledge, including via digital means. The following definition of ERA is based on the Lisbon Treaty and European Council Conclusions: a unified research area open to the world based on the Internal Market, in which researchers, scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely and through which the Union and its Member States strengthen their scientific and technological bases, their competitiveness and their capacity to collectively address grand challenges (ERA_Communication_COM(2012) 39)

Research networks

Individual fellowships

Research and Innovation Staff Exchanges

Co-funding

European Researchers' Night

an instrument

Mobile persons often have to pay contributions for benefits they cannot enjoy, nor receive compensation for. The Community regulations co-ordinating social security systems (Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 and its amendments) are very restrictive for transfer of unemployment benefits. This means that researchers are often obliged to pay for unemployment insurance, without having the actual possibility of benefiting from it. In some countries, civil servants have specific pension systems with restrictions that make it difficult to move out of the national civil service without loss (Final Rep Mob High Level Expert Group 2001)

optimising research results

building networks between types of institution: the source of researcher, the host institution and, if different from either of the first two, the next destination

training skilled workers

realizing knowledge transfer, especially across sector

Among the major obstacles to mobility in the area of social security, transferability of supplementary pension rights is one of those which deserve the greatest attention (...) Member State’s pension scheme still present great difficulties for mobile researchers. Indeed, in certain Member States researchers have to remain with the same employer for many years before being entitled to a supplementary pension. If the researcher has to move before that period, he/she will not have acquired any pension rights (3rd Implement Rep Mob Strat_SEC(2005)

Promoting transnational mobility is a simple, particularly effective and powerful means of boosting European excellence as a whole (6FP_DECISION No 1513-2002)

Mobility of third country nationals across the external EU borders is of strategic importance in this regard [connecting external and internal dimensions of EU policies]. It applies to a wide range of people, e.g. short-term visitors, tourists, students, researchers, business people or visiting family members. It is thus a much broader concept than migration (COM(2011) 743, GAMM)

The Eu Charter for Researchers

Differences in the social security systems and levels of taxation among Member States may make mobility unattractive. Mobile persons often have to pay contributions for benefits they cannot enjoy, nor receive compensation for. This concerns, e.g. unemployment benefits (A Mobility Strat for the ERA_COM(2001)331)

Researchers normally either move with their family or need to keep close contact with the family remaining in the home country, depending on the duration of the stay. Less favourable maternity leave and benefits in a host country or inadequate day-care for children may deter, for instance, young researchers from moving to another country. Particular attention should also be given in this respect to the dual career problem: the partner often has difficulties to find a job in the new country or to take a leave (A Mobility Strat for the ERA_COM(2001)331)

The promotion of excellence, including through the European Research Council, and capacity building through mobility and infrastructure support are essential parts of the research system and their support should be a high priority (Report of the ERA Expert Group 2008)

Value of mobility

Employers and/or funders must recognise the value of geographical, inter- sectoral, inter- and trans-disciplinary and virtual mobility as well as mobility between the public and private sector as an important means of enhancing scientific knowledge and professional development at any stage of a researcher’s career. Consequently, they should build such options into the specific career development strategy and fully value and acknowledge any mobility experience within their career progression/appraisal system. This also requires that the necessary administrative instruments be put in place to allow the portability of both grants and social security provisions, in accordance with national legislation

Immigration from outside the EU is one source of highly skilled people, and third-country national students and researchers in particular are groups which are increasingly sought after and which the EU needs to actively attract. Third-country national students and researchers can contribute to a pool of well-qualified potential workers and human capital that the EU needs (Students and Researchers Proposal_COM(2013) 151)

The identified potential shortage of researchers, particularly in certain key disciplines, will pose a serious threat to EU’s innovative strength, knowledge capacity and productivity growth in the near future and may hamper the attainment of the Lisbon and Barcelona objectives (Researchers Charter_and_Code 2005)

There is a risk that the supply of human resources in R&D and of teachers to train this resources may become inadequate for future needs, at least inadequate to achieve the 3 % objective (ResearchersCareer_COM(2003) 436)

International cooperation with third countries and international, regional or global organisations is necessary to effectively address many specific objectives set out in Horizon 2020. International cooperation is essential for frontier and basic research in order to reap the benefits from emerging science and technology opportunities. Cooperation is necessary for addressing societal challenges and enhancing the competitiveness of European industry. Promoting R&I staff mobility at an international level is also crucial to enhance this global cooperation. International cooperation in research and innovation is a key aspect of the Union's global commitments (H2020_EstablAct_L 347-104)

Recognition of mobility experience

Any mobility experience, e.g. a stay in another country/region or in another research setting (public or private) or a change from one discipline or sector to another, whether as part of the initial research training or at a later stage of the research career, or virtual mobility experience, should be considered as a valuable contribution to the professional development of a researcher.

While the potential of migrants to contribute to the development of their country of origin should be fully recognised and assisted by a wide range of measures, efforts should also be made to counteract brain drain and brain waste and promote brain circulation (Global Approach Migration Mobility_COM(2011) 743)

Allowing third-country nationals to acquire skills and knowledge through a period of training in Europe encourages “brain circulation” and supports cooperation with third countries, which benefits both the sending and the receiving countries (Students_and_researchers_proposal_COM(2013) 15)

helping to make Europe more attractive to the best of third country researchers (6FP_Decision 1513-2002-EC)

• Directive 98/49/EC on safeguarding the supplementary pension rights of employed and self-employed persons moving within the Community sets out certain rights and obligations for members of supplementary pension schemes. It constituted a first step on removing obstacles to free movement relating to supplementary pensions.
• Directive 2003/41/EC enables the set-up of one pension vehicle for employees from different countries.
• The Commission proposed a directive on improving the portability of supplementary pension rights aims at safeguarding the portability of pensions. It lays out possibility of acquiring pension rights even for short periods and keeping pension entitlements by transferring them to a new scheme in the event of professional mobility.
• 20th June 2013 the Council has endorsed the proposed pension portability directive.

Researcher's Mobility Web Portal

• the dichotomy movement-stasis
• the focus on the nation state
• the stylized description of the mobile academic
• the focus on the driving forces and substantial obstacles
• the normative orientation toward mobility

The improved portability of occupational pension rights has been the subject of a two Commission consultations addressed to the European social partners. These consultations were launched respectively in June 2002 and September 2003 in order to address obstacles related to the acquisition of occupational pension rights (minimum age conditions, waiting and vesting periods) , the preservation of acquired pension rights and their transferability. Since the social partners will finally not engage in negotiations on these topics, the Commission is currently preparing to propose a legislative initiative in this field (2nd Implement Rep Mob Strat (2004)

Regulation 883/2004

Together with the Implementing Regulation 987/2009, this legislative package is referred to as "modernised coordination" of social security systems (several amendments)

third country researchers as a specific category of immigrants

The Portal will offer the following contents and services: general information about research grants at EU, international, national or regional level; available opportunities and job offers published by the different actors of the European Research Community (Universities, Industry, Foundations, etc); information about administrative and legal issues (conditions of entry, social security and tax schemes etc) as well as about cultural/intercultural and family related aspects; tailored and customised help desk-function through the European Network of Mobility Centres; general information about research policy issues relevant for the career development of a researcher; and, finally, a forum and other services of particular interest for mobile researchers (1st Implem Report Mob Strat_SEC(2003)146)

legal rule or administrative practices were still raising obstacles to the entry and stay of third country researchers and their families (1st Implement Report on Mobility Strat_SEC(2003) 146)

On 29 April 2004 the Council adopted the Regulation 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems, which aims to reform and simplify Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 on the application of EU social security systems. This new Regulation, which will replace Regulation 1408/71, is to simplify and improve the co-ordination of social security schemes. It will apply to all EU nationals who are insured under national law, whether they are employed, self-employed, students, civil servants, pensioners or indeed non-active (whilst Regulation 1408/71 only applies to economically active people)

In February 2003, the Commission adopted a Communication on the European Health Insurance Card, presenting a roadmap for its gradual introduction in order to replace the current paper forms needed for access and reimbursement of health care during a temporary stay in a Member State other than the one of insurance. The Administrative Commission on Social Security for Migrant workers adopted on 18 June 2003 three decisions allowing the introduction of the European Health Insurance Card from 1 June 2004 (2nd Implement Rep Mob Strat (2004)

We may also turn to the private sector to raise the question of broader global mobility, noting that the success of the US science system has been heavily dependent upon inflows of researchers from beyond its borders seeking positions and training with world-class groups and companies. In Europe too such phenomena are visible. The Philips Eindhoven establishment employs 59 nationalities and the Leuven-Aachen-Eindhoven triangle is aided through ERA-type policies. Philips has changed from being a closed centre to an open centre. There is a growing realisation that to perform well, companies have to employ people from outside Europe, and that movement of people into and out of the research laboratory is an important feature of their career development and the company’s effectiveness. Europe, with its historic and cultural links to many emerging regions is well placed to act as a destination (temporary or permanent) for “footloose” research talent but more proactive measures to reduce barriers are needed within, and particularly beyond the domain of research policy (Report of the ERA Expert Group, 2008)

Network of mobility centers ERA-MORE

In its Communication "The European Research Area: providing new momentum, strengthening, reorienting, opening up new perspectives", the Commission stresses that the mobility of third country nationals is not yet organised at EU level. In 2002 only two Member States (France and the United Kingdom) had specific rules regarding the entry of researchers from third countries. The Council welcomed the Communication and, in its conclusions of 26 November 2002, invited “the Member States, in collaboration with the Commission, to strengthen the actions being undertaken to develop the European Research Area, in particular by facilitating or continuing to facilitate entry and residence for researchers from third countries" (2nd Implement Report on Mobility Strat_SEC(2004)412)

• No 189 of 18 June 2003
• No 190 of 18 June 2003
• No 194 of 17 December 2003

EU directive 2005/71/EC + two recommendations 2005/762/EC and 2005/761/EC.

Scientific Visa policy

In parallel with the proposals made on social security, DG Research has proposed a detailed set of initiatives at legislative, administrative and practical level, to be implemented by the Member States under the OMC. These actions include the clarification and simplification of relevant legal texts, the minimisation of differences of taxation regimes within and between Member States for the same kind of contracts/fellowships, and the simplification of the administrative procedures. It is unrealistic to imagine harmonisation of the taxation regime for researchers throughout Europe. Efforts in this area will instead be focused on the ambition of better informing researchers when they move countries (3rd Implement Rep Mob Strat_SEC(2005)

A package of instruments on the admission of third country researchers comprising a proposal for a Directive and two Recommendations was drawn up in 2003 and adopted by the Commission on 16 March 2004. The Directive provides for a fast-track procedure for the admission of researchers. The main concept is to create a specific residence permit for third country researchers independently of their contractual status. Accredited research organisations will play a major role in this process, as they will have to certify the status of the researchers in a hosting agreement which will acknowledge the existence of a valid research project, as well as the possession by the researcher of the scientific skills, financial means and health insurance. On the basis of this hosting agreement the migration authorities of the host country will deliver the residence permit. Once a residence permit is granted to a researcher, (s)he will be free to move within all EU Member States for the purpose of the scientific project.

In addition to the much faster administrative procedure for delivering the residence permit (immigration authorities of Member States will have to deliver it in 30 days), researchers will have the possibility of submitting applications for residence permits directly to the authorities of the host Member State, if they are legal residents in that country. Moreover, in order to extend the stay in another Member State, it will not be necessary for researchers, as it is currently the case, to return to their country of origin to submit an application.

The Directive will be complemented by two Recommendations inviting Member States to accelerate on a voluntary basis the implementation of the Directive and cover supplementary issues, such as family reunification, operational cooperation between Member States and short-term visas.

The envisaged time schedule for the adoption of these instruments anticipates rapid approval (by July 2004) of the Recommendation on long-term admission issues, while the Directive and the second Recommendation, which deals with short-term visas, are expected to be approved by the end of 2004 (2nd Implement Report on Mobility Strat_SEC(2004)412)

European Commission proposed on 25 March 2013 a new visa directive for working periods exceeding three months (expected to be in force in 2016)

Mobility and visa policy are interlinked and around 11 million visas were granted by the Member States issuing Schengen visas in 2009. Visa policy is an influential instrument for a forward-looking policy on mobility, as stated in the Commission’s Communication of 4 May 2011. Therefore, it is now necessary to take full account of the links between the common EU visa policy for short stays, Member States’ national policies concerning long stays and the Global Approach to Migration. This is a key reason to expand the scope of this policy framework to include mobility, making it the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (Global Approach Migration Mobility_COM(2011) 743)

The Council approved Regulation (EC) No 859/2003 of 14 May 2003 (OJ L 124/1 of 20 May 2003) extending the provisions of Regulation 1408/71 to nationals of third countries who are not already covered by these provisions solely on the grounds of their nationality (2nd Implement Rep Mob Strat (2004)

Short term = up to three months

Long term= more than three months

The Commission on 16 March 2004 issued a package of instruments on the admission of third country researchers comprising a proposal for a directive and two recommendations. The directive provides for a fast-track procedure for the “admission” (entry for more than three months to the European Community) of third country researchers. The main concept is to create a specific residence permit for third country researchers, where accredited research organisations will have to certify the status of the researchers in a “hosting agreement” which will acknowledge the existence of a valid research project, as well as the possession by the researcher of the scientific skills, financial means and health insurance. On the basis of this hosting agreement, the migration authorities of the host country will rapidly issue the residence permit to the researcher. Once a residence permit is granted the researcher will be free to move within Europe for the purpose of the scientific project (3rd Implement Report on Mobility Strat_SEC(2005) 474)

The "hosting agreement" is an agreement issued by a public or private approved research organisation in the Member State, to undertake a research project. The research organisation can only sign a hosting agreement with a researcher if there are funds available for the research and they are satisfied with the researcher's scientific skills. In addition, the researcher must have sufficient financial means and health insurance.

Only a research organisation approved by the Member State can sign a hosting agreement. A list of approved research organisations can be found at [...] Once a researcher has a formal hosting arrangement with a research institution he/she will be granted a residence permit for at least one year, and does not need a work permit. However, an entry visa must still be applied for.

Sheller and Urry, 2006

"Mobility” discourse in the ERA

Chiara Carrozza (chiaracarrozza@ces.uc.pt)

Tiago Santos Pereira (tsp@ces.uc.pt)

• social sciences have largely approached movement (of ideas, peoples, things) as a black box, a neutral set of technologies and processes permitting forms of economic, social, and political life that are seen as explicable in terms of other, more causally powerful processes (p. 208)

• tracking the power of discourses and practices of mobility (p. 211)

Jasanoff and Kim (2009) define socio-technical imaginaries as “collectively imagined forms of social life and social order reflected in the design and fulfilment of nation-specific scientific and/or technological projects.’’

a) perception of position and role in the global panorama

b) memory, history and future

c) players and interactions in policymaking

d) examples of “good” and “bad” practice

Cresswell, 2010, towards the politics of mobility

movement, is “the fact of physical movement getting from one place to another; the representations of movement that give it shared meaning; and, finally, the experienced and embodied practice of movement.” (p. 19)

a) general political documents defining the overall political and economical agenda (such as the establishing acts of the European Research Area and the “A Mobility Strategy for the European Research Area” 2001, “The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility” 2011 and including the decisions on the framework programmes for Research and Innovation)

b) reports on policy implementation (such as the three implementation reports on "A Mobility Strategy for the European Research Area")

c) documents related to initiatives particularly focused on stimulating/supporting scientific mobility and career development (such as the working programmes of the several generations of 'Marie Curie Actions')

Definitions

Goals

Benefits and opportunities

Risks and threats

Rationales

Players

Policies (Initiatives, programmes, measures, tools)

Rules

Funding

Issues