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Cause: soldiers' morale began to decline; lack of adequate preparation from commanders of the 2nd and 3rd armies and commader in chief

Effect: Italy collapsed in despair

Long-Term Effect: couple with other wars against the Allied favor, the United states with the promise of fresh troops, stiffened the resolve of the allies

Chapter 26:

War and Revolution

2 Most Important Themes

1. War

2. Revolution

Russian Revolution of 1917 directly related to the growing tensions of WWI, it had significance far beyond the wartime agonies of a single European nation

closely connected to the ideals and developments of the previous century; enormous impact on next century

5 Most Important Events

Battle of Caporetto

Francis Ferdinand assassinated

led Europe into war

collapse of Italian army

Armenian Genocide

mass deportation of Armenian citizens from Ottoman lands

Civil War in Russia

Battle of Marne

fight for communism control in Russia

French attacked a gap in the German line; France miraculously saved

Battle of Marne

Francis Ferdinand assassinated

Cause: dead-tired German soldiers were advancing slowly along an enormous front

Effect: France defeated the Germans and saved itself from German overtake

Long-Term Effect: with the armies stalled, both sides began to dig trenches to protect themselves from machine gun fire

Cause: Gavrilo Princip in the name of Yugoslav nationalism to free from Austria

Effect: Independent Serbia eager to build a state that would include all ethnic Serbs; openly hostile to Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire

Long Term Effect: World War I

Armenian Genocide

Civil War in Russia

Battle of Caporetto

Cause: some Armenians welcomed Russian armies as liberators after years of persecution

Effect: Ottoman gov't ordered a mass deportation of its Armenian citizens from their homeland

Long-Term Effect: A million Armenians died from murder, starvation, and disease

Cause: WWI end; destruction of the democratically elected Constituent Assembly

Effect: Bolsheviks won an impressive victory

Long Term Effect: Russia remained communist

3 Most Important People

1. Francis Ferdinand

2. Lenin

led Bolshevik Revolution; updated Marx's revolutionary philosophy to address existing conditions in Russia

assassinated by Serbian nationalist; triggered World War I

3. President Wilson

greatly strengthened idealism; peace proposal of Fourteen Points included League of Nations

4 Most Important Facts

1. Schlieffen Plan

3. Bolsheviks

failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

Lenin's radical, revolutionary arm of the Russian party of Marxian socialism, which successfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia

4. Treaty of Versailles

2. Petrograd Soviet

the 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers

a huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905

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